William Henry Waddington

Infobox Prime Minister
name=William Waddington


order=42^nd Prime Minister of France
term_start =4 February 1879
term_end =28 December 1879
predecessor =Jules Dufaure
successor =Charles de Freycinet
birth_date =11 December 1826
death_date =death date and age|1894|1|13|1826|12|11|
party=None

William Henry Waddington (11 December 1826 - 13 January 1894) was a French statesman who was Prime Minister in 1879.

Early life and education

He was born at Saint-Rémy-sur-Avre (Eure-et-Loir), the son of a wealthy Englishman, who had established a large spinning factory in France and had been naturalised as a French subject, and his French wife. After receiving his early education in Paris, he was sent to Rugby School, and then to Trinity College, Cambridge, where he achieved second-class honors and won the chancellor's medal. He also rowed in the victorious Cambridge eight in the Oxford and Cambridge Boat Race on the Thames.

Archaeological research

Returning to France, he devoted himself for some years to archaeological research. He travelled in Asia Minor, Greece and Syria, and his experiences and discoveries were recorded in two "Mémoires", recognised by the French Institute, and in his "Mélanges de numismatique et de philologie" ("Numismatic and Philological Miscellanies", 1861).

Except for his essay on "The Protestant Church in France," published in 1856 in "Cambridge Essays", his remaining works all concerned archaeology. They include his "Fastes de l'empire romain" ("The Splendours of the Roman Empire"), and editions of Diocletian's "Edict on Maximum Prices" and of Philippe Lebas' "Voyage archéologique" (1868-1877). He was elected, in 1865, a member of the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres.

Chamber of Deputies

After standing unsuccessfully for a Chamber of Deputies seat for the "département" of the Aisne constituency in 1865 and 1860, Waddington was returned by that constituency in the election of 1871. He was Minister of Public Instruction in the short-lived cabinet of 19 May 1873.

Senator for the Aisne

In 1876, having been elected senator for the Aisne, he was again entrusted by Prime Minister Dufaure with the Ministry of Public Instruction. Because he was a Protestant, he was not permitted to combine the Ministry of Public Worship with the Public Instruction portfolio, as had been the custom in ministerial assignments. His most important project, a bill transferring the granting of degrees to the state, was passed by the Chamber, but thrown out by the Senate.

He continued to hold office under Jules Simon, with whom he was overthrown on the famous "seize mai" (16 May 1877). The triumph of the republicans at the general election brought him back to power the following December as Minister of Foreign Affairs, again under Dufaure. He was one of the French plenipotentiaries at the Berlin Congress. The cession of Cyprus to the United Kingdom was, at first, denounced by the French newspapers as a great blow to his diplomatic reputation, but he obtained, in a conversation with Lord Salisbury, a promise that the United Kingdom would, in return, allow France a free hand in Tunis.

Prime Minister of France

Early in 1879 Waddington succeeded Dufaure as Prime Minister. Holding office by sufferance of Léon Gambetta, he kept peace between the radicals and the reactionaries till the delay of urgent reforms lost him the support of all parties. He was forced on 27 December to retire from office.

He refused an offer to become ambassador in London, and in 1880 was reporter of the committee on the adoption of the "scrutin de liste" at elections, on which he delivered an adverse judgment.

London ambassador

In 1883 he accepted the London embassy, which he continued to hold till 1893, showing an exceptional tenacity in defence of his country's interests. His second wife, the American Mary A. King, wrote her recollections of their diplomatic experiences - "Letters of a Diplomatist's Wife, 1883-1900" (New York, 1903), and "Italian Letters".

Waddington's Government, 5 February-28 December 1879

*William Henry Waddington - President of the Council and Minister of Foreign Affairs
*Henri François Xavier Gresley - Minister of Defence
*Émile de Marcère - Minister of the Interior and Worship
*Léon Say - Minister of Finance
*Philippe Le Royer - Minister of Justice
*Jean Bernard Jauréguiberry - Minister of Marine and Colonies
*Jules Ferry - Minister of Public Instruction
*Charles de Freycinet - Minister of Public Works
*Adolphe Cochery - Minister of Posts and Telegraphs
*Charles Lepère - Minister of Agriculture and Commerce

Changes
*4 March 1879 - Charles Lepère succeeds Marcère as Minister of the Interior and of Worship. Pierre Tirard succeeds Lepère as Minister of Agriculture and Commerce.

ee also

* Charles Waddington
* Richard Waddington

References

*David Sapsted, "Telegraph News:Cambridge stick oar into rivals' French coup" (2006)
*1911