Spacelab

Spacelab was a reusable laboratory flown into space on the Space Shuttle. It allowed scientists to perform experiments in microgravity in Earth orbit. The laboratory consisted of multiple components, including a pressurized module, an unpressurized carrier and other related hardware.

History

In August 1973, NASA and ESRO (now European Space Agency (ESA)) signed a Memorandum of Understanding to build a science laboratory for use on Space Shuttle flights. [Lord 1987, p. 24-28.] Construction of Spacelab started in 1974 by the ERNO (daughter of VFW-Fokker GmbH, after merger with MBB named MBB/ERNO, and since 2003 part of EADS SPACE Transportation). The first set including lab module, LM1, was given to NASA free of charge by ESA in exchange for flight opportunities for European astronauts. A second module, LM2, was bought by NASA for its own use from ERNO. In addition to the laboratory module, the complete set also included five external pallets for experiments in vacuum, built by British Aerospace (BAe) and a pressurized igloo containing the subsystems needed for the pallet-only flight configuration operation.

Eight flight configurations were qualified though even more could be assembled.

The Spacelab components were used on 25 shuttle flights, but the components were decommissioned in 1998 except the pallets. Science work was to be moved to the International Space Station and Spacehab module, a pressurized carrier similar to the Spacelab Module. A Spacelab Pallet was recommissioned in 2002 for flight on STS-99. The "Spacelab Pallet - Deployable 1 (SLP-D1) with Canadian Special Purpose Dexterous Manipulator, Dextre" was launched on STS-123. "Spacelab Pallet - Deployable 2 (SLP-D2)" is currently scheduled for STS-127.Fact|date=March 2008

The LM2 is now on display in the "Bremenhalle" exhibition in the Bremen Airport of Bremen, Germany.

Description

The Spacelab Module consists of a cylindrical main laboratory configurable as Short or Long Module flown in the rear of the Space Shuttle cargo bay, connected to the crew compartment by a tunnel. The laboratory had an outer diameter of 4.12 m, and each segment a length of 2.7 m. Most of the time two segments were used in forming the Long Module configuration.

The Spacelab Pallet is a U-shaped platform for mounting instrumentation, large instruments, experiments requiring exposure to space, and instruments requiring a large field of view, such as telescopes. The pallet has several hard points for mounting heavy equipment. The pallet can be used in single configuration or stacked end to end in double or triple configurations. Up to five pallets can be configured in the Space Shuttle cargo bay by using a double plus triple pallet.

Other Spacelab elements include the tunnel, Igloo, and the Instrument Pointing System (IPS) tailored to the pallet interfaces for precise pointing to space or earth targets.

Spacelab missions

* STS-9, Spacelab 1, November 1983, Module LM1 and Pallet (OV|102|full=no)
* STS-51-B, Spacelab 3, April 1985, Module LM1 (OV|099|full=no)
* STS-51-F, Spacelab 2, July 1985, triple Pallet configuration (OV|099|full=no)
* STS-61-A, Spacelab D1, October 1985, Module LM2 (OV|099|full=no)

* STS-35, ASTRO-1, December 1990, Pallet (OV|102|full=no)
* STS-40, SLS-1, June 1991, Module LM1 (OV|102|full=no)
* STS-42, IML-1, January 1992, Module LM2 (OV|103|full=no)
* STS-45, ATLAS-1, March 1992, double Pallet configuration (OV|104|full=no)
* STS-50, USML-1, June 1992, Module LM1 (OV|102|full=no)
* STS-47, Spacelab-J, September 1992, Module LM2 (OV|105|full=no)
* STS-56, ATLAS-2, April 1993, Pallet (OV|103|full=no)
* STS-55, Spacelab D2, April 1993, Module LM1 (OV|102|full=no)
* STS-58, SLS-2, October 1993, Module LM2 (OV|102|full=no)

* STS-59, SRL-1, April 1994, Pallet (OV|105|full=no)
* STS-65, IML-2, July 1994, Module LM1 (OV|102|full=no)
* STS-68, SRL-2, October 1994, Pallet (OV|105|full=no)
* STS-66, ATLAS-3, November 1994, Pallet (OV|104|full=no)
* STS-67, ASTRO-2, March 1995, Pallet (OV|105|full=no)
* STS-71, Spacelab-Mir, June 1995, Module LM2 (OV|104|full=no)
* STS-73, USML-2, October 1995, Module LM1 (OV|102|full=no)
* STS-78, LMS, June 1996, Module LM2 (OV|102|full=no)
* STS-83, MSL-1, April 1997, Module LM1 (OV|102|full=no)
* STS-94, MSL-1R, July 1997, Module LM1 (OV|102|full=no)
* STS-90, Neurolab, April 1998, Module LM2 (OV|102|full=no)
* STS-99, SRTM, February 2000, Pallet (OV|105|full=no)

Other missions

* STS-92, October 2000, PMA-3, (OV|103|full=no)
* STS-108, December 2001, Lightweight Mission Peculiar Support Structure Carrier (LMC) (OV|105|full=no)
* STS-123, March 2008, Pallet (OV|105|full=no), Dextre

References

* Lord, Douglas R. [http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=385517&id=1&qs=Ntt%3DSapcelab%252Bstory%26Ntk%3DTitle%26Ntx%3Dmode%2520matchall%26N%3D0%26Ns%3DHarvestDate%257c1 "Spacelab An international success story", NASA-SP-487] . NASA, January 1, 1987.
* SLP/2104-2: Spacelab Payload Accommodation Handbook

External links

* [http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/technology/sts-newsref/spacelab.html Spacelab history on NASA.gov]
* [http://history.nasa.gov/EP-165/contents.htm Spacelab: An International Short-Stay Orbiting Laboratory, NASA-EP-165 on NASA.gov]
* [http://history.nasa.gov/NP-119/contents.htm Science in Orbit: The Shuttle & Spacelab Experience, 1981-1986, NASA-NP-119 on NASA.gov]
* [http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/launch/spacelab_shuttle.html Spacelab Payloads on Shuttle Flights on NASA.gov]