Anatolian hieroglyphs

Anatolian hieroglyphs are an indigenous logographic script native to central Anatolia, consisting of some 500 signs. They were once commonly known as Hittite hieroglyphs, but the language they encode proved to be Luwian, not Hittite, and the term Luwian hieroglyphs is used in English publications. They are typologically similar to Egyptian hieroglyphs, but do not derive graphically from that script, and they are not known to have played the sacred role of hieroglyphs in Egypt. There is no demonstrable connection to Hittite cuneiform. [A. Payne, "Hieroglyphic Luwian" (2004), p. 1.] [Melchert, H. Craig. 2004. "Luvian", in "The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the World's Ancient Languages", ed. Roger D. Woodard. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-56256-2] [Melchert, H. Craig. 1996. "Anatolian Hieroglyphs", in "The World's Writing Systems", ed. Peter T. Daniels and William Bright. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-507993-0]

History

Anatolian hieroglyphs are attested from the third and second millennia BCE across Anatolia and into modern Syria. The earliest examples occur on personal seals, but these consist only of names, titles, and auspicious signs, and it is not certain that they represent language. Most actual texts are found as monumental inscriptions in stone, though a few documents have survived on lead strips.

The first monumental inscriptions confirmed as Luwian date to the Late Bronze Age, ca. 14th to 13th centuries BC. And after some two centuries of sparse material the hieroglyphs resume in the Early Iron Age, ca. 10th to 8th centuries. In the early 7th century, the Luwian hieroglyphic script, by then aged some 1,300 years, falls into oblivion.

Language

It is obvious that the script was designed for the Luwian language (notably because of the absence of an "e" series), which when used is known as Hieroglyphic Luwian, and no texts recording another language are known, [R. Plöchl, "Einführung ins Hieroglyphen-Luwische" (2003), p. 12.] although there is occasionally foreign material like Hurrian theonyms, or glosses in Urartian (such as "á - ḫá+ra - ku" for "ṭerusi", two units of measurement).

Typology

As in Egyptian, characters may be logographic or phonographic — that is, they may be used to represent words or sounds. The number of phonographic signs is limited. Most represent CV syllables, though there are a few disyllabic signs. A large number of these are ambiguous as to whether the vowel is "a" or "i." Some signs are dedicated to one use or another, but many are flexible.

Words may be written logographically, phonetically, mixed (that is, a logogram with a phonetic complement), and may be preceded by a determinative. Other than the fact that the phonetic glyphs form a syllabary rather that indicating only consonants, this system is analogous to the system of Egyptian hieroglyphs.

Unlike Egyptian hieroglyphs, the lines of Luwian hieroglyphs are written alternately left-to-right and right-to-left. This practice was called by the Greeks "boustrophedon", meaning "as the ox turns" (as when plowing a field).

Some scholars compare the Phaistos Disc and Cretan hieroglyphs as possibly related scripts, but there is no consensus regarding this.

Decipherment

The script was partially deciphered by Emmanuel Laroche in 1960, and its language was recognized as Luwian in 1973 by David Hawkins, Anna Morpurgo-Davies and Günther Neumann, correcting some previous errors about sign values, in particular emending the reading of symbols *376 and *377 from "i, ī" to "zi, za".

Transliteration

Transliteration of logograms is conventionally the term represented in Latin, in capital letters (e.g. PES for the logogram for "foot"). The syllabograms are transliterated, disambiguating homophonic signs analogously to cuneiform transliteration, e.g. ta=ta₁, tá=ta₂, tà=ta₃, ta₄, ta₅ and ta₆ transliterate six distinct ways of representing phonemic /ta/. [see also the article at the [http://indoeuro.bizland.com/project/script/luwia.html Indo-European Database] ]

References

External links

*http://www.ancientscripts.com/luwian.html
* [http://indoeuro.bizland.com/project/script/luwia.html Luwian Hieroglyphics] from the Indo-European Database
* [http://www.hethport.uni-wuerzburg.de/luwglyph/Signlist.pdf Sign list] , with logographic and syllabic readings