Muslim campaign at Córdoba Cathedral

Muslim campaign at Córdoba Cathedral

Since the early 2000s, Spanish Muslims have lobbied the Roman Catholic Church to allow them to pray in the Cathedral of Córdoba.[1][2] The Muslim campaign has been rejected on multiple occasions, by both Spanish Catholic authorities, and the Vatican.[3][4][5]

In 2010 there was a violent incident over the matter.[6][7][8]

Contents

Background

The building was begun around the year 600 as the Arian Christian Visigothic church of St. Vincent.[9] After the Islamic conquest of the Visigothic kingdom, the church was divided between the Muslims and Christians. When the exiled Umayyad prince Abd ar-Rahman I escaped to Spain and defeated the Andalusian governor Yusuf al-Fihri, he allowed the Christians to rebuild their ruined churches, and purchased the Christian half of the church of St. Vincent.[10][11]

Abd ar-Rahman I and his descendants reworked it over two centuries to refashion it as a mosque, starting in 784. Additionally, Abd ar-Rahman I used the mosque (originally called Aljama Mosque) as an adjunct to his palace and named it to honor his wife. Traditionally, the mihrab of a mosque faces in the direction of Mecca; by facing the mihrab, worshipers pray towards Mecca. Mecca is east-southeast of the mosque, but the mihrab points south.[citation needed]

The mosque underwent numerous subsequent changes: Abd ar-Rahman III ordered a new minaret, while Al-Hakam II, in 961, enlarged the building and enriched the mihrab. The last of the reforms was carried out by Al-Mansur Ibn Abi Aamir in 987. It was connected to the Caliph's palace by a raised walk-way, mosques within the palaces being the tradition for the Islamic rulers of all times. The Mezquita reached its current dimensions in 987 with the completion of the outer naves and courtyard.

The Castillian Conquest

In 1236, Córdoba was conquered by King Ferdinand III of Castile in the Reconquista, and the mosque was turned into a Catholic church. Alfonso X oversaw the construction of the Villaviciosa Chapel and the Royal Chapel within the mosque. The kings who followed added further Christian features, such as King Henry II rebuilding the chapel in the 14th century. The minaret of the mosque was also converted to the bell tower of the cathedral. It was adorned with Santiago de Compostela’s captured cathedral bells.[12]

The most significant alteration was the building of a Renaissance cathedral nave right in the middle of the expansive structure. The insertion was constructed by permission of Charles V, king of Castile and Aragon.

The Great Mosque's conversion to a Christian church, the Catedral de Córdoba, may have helped to preserve it when the Spanish Inquisition was most active.[citation needed] Artisans and architects continued to add to the existing structure until the late 18th century.

Current Muslim campaign

Muslims across Spain are lobbying the Roman Catholic Church to allow them to pray in the cathedral.[13][14] The Islamic Council of Spain had lodged a formal request with the Vatican for Muslims to be allowed to pray in the mosque.[15] Spanish church authorities oppose Muslim prayer at the cathedral.[16]

Zakarias Maza, the director of the Taqwa mosque in neighbouring Granada stated in 2004 "We hope the Vatican will give a signal that it has a vision of openness and dialogue. It would be good if there were a gesture of tolerance on their part. The church council doesn't seem to be open to dialogue."[17]

"In no way is this request about reclaiming our rights — far less any kind of reconquest," stated Isabel Romero, a member of the Islamic Council of Spain in 2004.[18] "Instead, we want to give our support to the universal character of this building".[19] Cordoba's mayor Rosa Aguilar, previously of the United Left, has expressed support for the Islamic Council's position.[20]

On Christmas Day 2006,[21] a Spanish Muslim organisation called the Spanish Islamic Board,[22] sent a letter to the Pope's ambassador in Spain, asking Pope Benedict XVI for permission for Muslims to worship alongside Christians in the building.[23] The Spanish Muslims wrote in their letter that they did not intend to take control of the building or "recover a nostalgic Al Andalus".[24] In 2004, the Vatican's Pontifical Council for Inter-religious Dialogue had rejected a similar request from the same group.[25] The general secretary of the Spanish Islamic Board, Mansur Escudero, said that security guards often stop Muslim worshippers from praying inside the old Mosque.[26]

2010 violence

In April 2010, two Muslim tourists were arrested at the Cathedral, after an incident in which two security guards were seriously injured. The incident occurred when the building was filled with tourists visiting the cathedral during Holy Week.[27] [28][29]

According to cathedral authorities, when half a dozen Austrian Muslims, who were part of a group of 118 people on an organised tour for young European Muslims, knelt to pray at the same time, security guards stepped in and “invited them to continue with their tour or leave the building”.[28][27] When two men refused to comply, a scuffle broke out and police were called. Two security guards were seriously injured, and the two Muslim men were detained. Spanish media, citing police sources, said that one of the men arrested had been carrying a knife.[28][27][29]

In a statement Catholic authorities condemned the incident: “They provoked in an organised fashion a deplorable episode of violence.”[30][31] After the 2010 incident, Spain's Catholic clergy reiterated that it was not prepared to negotiate the building’s shared use with other faiths.[32]

Catholic authorities stated that "This one-off incident does not represent the genuine attitude of Muslims, many of whom maintain an attitude of respect and dialogue with the Catholic church".[33]

References

  1. ^ Sills, Ben (19 April 2004). "Cathedral may see return of Muslims". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2004/apr/19/spain. 
  2. ^ http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/12023329/ns/world_news-europe/
  3. ^ Sills, Ben (19 April 2004). "Cathedral may see return of Muslims". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2004/apr/19/spain. 
  4. ^ http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/12023329/ns/world_news-europe/
  5. ^ Fuchs, Dale (28 December 2006). "Pope asked to let Muslims pray in cathedral". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2006/dec/28/spain.catholicism?INTCMP=ILCNETTXT3487. 
  6. ^ Tremlett, Giles (1 April 2010). "Two arrested after fight in Cordoba's former mosque". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/apr/01/muslim-catholic-mosque-fight?INTCMP=ILCNETTXT3487. 
  7. ^ Keeley, Graham (3 April 2010). "Muslims arrested for trying to pray in Crdobas former Great Mosque". The Times (London). http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article7085695.ece#cid=OTC-RSS&attr=797093. 
  8. ^ "Muslims in Spain campaign to worship alongside Christians". CNN. 7 September 2010. http://edition.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/europe/08/17/cordoba.mosque.spain/index.html. 
  9. ^ God's Crucible: Islam and the Making of Europe, 570 to 1215, David Levering Lewis, published by W. W. Norton & Company, 2008 , p. 272 ff.
  10. ^ Medieval Islamic Civilization, Josef W. Meri and Jere L. Bacharach, Published by Routledge, 2005, p. 176 ff.
  11. ^ Irving, T. B. (1962). The Falcon of Spain. Ashraf Press, Lahore. p. 82. 
  12. ^ Chris, Lowney A Vanished World: Muslims, Christians, and Jews in Medieval Spain. New York: Oxford University Press, USA, 11.
  13. ^ Sills, Ben (19 April 2004). "Cathedral may see return of Muslims". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2004/apr/19/spain. 
  14. ^ http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/12023329/ns/world_news-europe/
  15. ^ Sills, Ben (19 April 2004). "Cathedral may see return of Muslims". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2004/apr/19/spain. 
  16. ^ Fuchs, Dale (28 December 2006). "Pope asked to let Muslims pray in cathedral". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2006/dec/28/spain.catholicism?INTCMP=ILCNETTXT3487. 
  17. ^ Sills, Ben (19 April 2004). "Cathedral may see return of Muslims". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2004/apr/19/spain. 
  18. ^ Sills, Ben (19 April 2004). "Cathedral may see return of Muslims". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2004/apr/19/spain. 
  19. ^ Sills, Ben (19 April 2004). "Cathedral may see return of Muslims". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2004/apr/19/spain. 
  20. ^ Sills, Ben (19 April 2004). "Cathedral may see return of Muslims". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2004/apr/19/spain. 
  21. ^ Fuchs, Dale (28 December 2006). "Pope asked to let Muslims pray in cathedral". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2006/dec/28/spain.catholicism?INTCMP=ILCNETTXT3487. 
  22. ^ Fuchs, Dale (28 December 2006). "Pope asked to let Muslims pray in cathedral". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2006/dec/28/spain.catholicism?INTCMP=ILCNETTXT3487. 
  23. ^ Fuchs, Dale (28 December 2006). "Pope asked to let Muslims pray in cathedral". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2006/dec/28/spain.catholicism?INTCMP=ILCNETTXT3487. 
  24. ^ Fuchs, Dale (28 December 2006). "Pope asked to let Muslims pray in cathedral". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2006/dec/28/spain.catholicism?INTCMP=ILCNETTXT3487. 
  25. ^ Fuchs, Dale (28 December 2006). "Pope asked to let Muslims pray in cathedral". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2006/dec/28/spain.catholicism?INTCMP=ILCNETTXT3487. 
  26. ^ http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/12023329/ns/world_news-europe/
  27. ^ a b c Tremlett, Giles (2010-04-01). "Two arrested after fight in Cordoba's former mosque". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/apr/01/muslim-catholic-mosque-fight?INTCMP=ILCNETTXT3487. 
  28. ^ a b c Keeley, Graham (2010-04-03). "Muslims arrested for trying to pray in Crdobas former Great Mosque". The Times (London). http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article7085695.ece#cid=OTC-RSS&attr=797093. 
  29. ^ a b "Muslims in Spain campaign to worship alongside Christians". CNN. 2010-09-07. http://edition.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/europe/08/17/cordoba.mosque.spain/index.html. 
  30. ^ Keeley, Graham (3 April 2010). "Muslims arrested for trying to pray in Crdobas former Great Mosque". The Times (London). http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article7085695.ece#cid=OTC-RSS&attr=797093. 
  31. ^ Tremlett, Giles (1 April 2010). "Two arrested after fight in Cordoba's former mosque". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/apr/01/muslim-catholic-mosque-fight?INTCMP=ILCNETTXT3487. 
  32. ^ http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/12023329/ns/world_news-europe/
  33. ^ Tremlett, Giles (1 April 2010). "Two arrested after fight in Cordoba's former mosque". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/apr/01/muslim-catholic-mosque-fight?INTCMP=ILCNETTXT3487. 

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