Milax gagates

Milax gagates
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Mollusca
Class:	Gastropoda
(unranked):	clade Heterobranchia clade Euthyneura clade Panpulmonata clade Eupulmonata clade Stylommatophora informal group Sigmurethra clade limacoid clade
Superfamily:	Parmacelloidea
Family:	Milacidae
Genus:	Milax
Species:	M. gagates
Binomial name
Milax gagates (Draparnaud, 1801)[1]
Synonyms
Limax gagates Draparnaud, 1801

Milax gagates, common name the "greenhouse slug" is a species of air-breathing, keeled, land slug, a shell-less terrestrial gastropod mollusk in the family Milacidae.

Description

The body of Milax gagates is an even dark grey to black, although it has somewhat lighter sides.^[2] There are no pigment spots.^[2] The mantle is relatively large (35-40 % of body length), with distinct grooves.^[2] The keel is prominent between mantle and posterior end.^[2] Skin sculpture is weak. There are 16-17 grooves between keel and pneumostome.^[2] The sole of the foot has blackish lateral zones and a lighter medial zone.^[2]

Milax gagates is up to 50 mm long.^[2] Preserved specimen have a length of 25-30 mm and a width of 6-8 mm.^[2] The weight of adult slugs ranges from 991.2 mg to 3308.0 mg.^[3]

Reproductive system: The penis is rounded, and half as long as the epiphallus.^[2] The epiphallus is slightly widened and truncated (as if cut off) at its end.^[2] the vas deferens is short (usually not longer than epiphallus), opens asymmetrically at the truncated end of the epiphallus.^[2] The atrium is short, and not widened.^[2] The accessory gland consist of several elongate glands and is connected to the atrium by some 20 short coiled tubular ducts.^[2] The stimulator is narrow, conical, slightly flattened at its end with some papillae.^[2]

The stimulator of the similar species Milax nigricans has more papillae situated at its base and not near its free end.^[2]

Distribution

The native range of Milax gagates was originally from Morocco through Tunisia and southern Spain to southern France and the Balearic Islands.^[2]

It is Endangered in Rhineland-Palatinate,^[2] Germany.

The species may be native to the Canary Islands.^[2]

Milax gagates has been introduced in the area between Portugal and Galicia, the Atlantic coastlands of France to Belgium, the British Isles, and in many other areas almost worldwide (Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand, Japan, Pacific islands, South Africa, Atlantic islands).^[2] As an introduced species it now occurs in a number of countries and islands including:

• Portugal^[2]
• Belgium^[2]
• British Isles: Great Britain and Ireland.^[2] In Britain is always local except in Cornwall.^[2]
• Australia^[4][2] and Tasmania^[2]
• New Zealand^[2]
• Japan^[2]
• Pacific islands^[2]
• South Africa^[2]
• Atlantic Islands^[2]
• United States - widely distributed. In Florida only in ports.^[5]
• Argentina^[3]

Ecology

Milax gagates lives mostly in cultivated areas, often the coast, and also in forests, shrublands, and natural meadows.^[2] It prefer habitats close to water.^[2] It hides under stones, moist ground litter and in soil cavities.^[2]

It feeds on fresh herbs, including the roots, it can sometimes be noxious to crops (carrots, potatoes).^[2] It is occasionally (in areas of western Britain) damaging to gardens and crops.^[2] It is an agriculture pest on soybean, sunflower and oilseed rape in Argentina.^[3]

In Britain copulation takes place during the period from spring to autumn.^[2] During copulation both slugs cling together so closely that no everted genitalia are visible.^[2] Under laboratory conditions, the first eggs are laid 5-15 days after copulation.^[2] At one time approximately 15 eggs are laid.^[2] This can be repeated several times, but in total not more than 100 eggs are laid by one individual.^[2] The dimensions of the eggs are 2 × 1.5 mm.^[2] Self-fertilization is also possible.^[2]

15-30 days after egg-laying, the slugs die (semelparous species).^[2] Juveniles hatch after at least 25-30 days.^[2] Maturity is reached after 4-5 months under laboratory conditions.^[2]

References

This article incorporates public domain text from the reference ^[2].

1. ^ Draparnaud J. P. R. (1801). Tableau des mollusques terrestres et fluviatiles de la France. pp. [1-2], 1-116. Montpellier, Paris. (Renaud; Bossange, Masson & Besson).
2. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at} "Species summary for Milax gagates". AnimalBase, last modified 30 December 2008, accessed 26 August 2010.
3. ^ ^{a b c} Clemente N. L., Faberi A. J., Salvio C. & Lopez A. N. (2010). "Biology and individual growth of Milax gagates (Draparnaud, 1801) (Pulmonata: Stylommatophora)". Invertebrate Reproduction and Development 54(3): 163-168. doi:10.1080/07924259.2010.9652328.
4. ^ "Milax gagates (Draparnaud)". CSIRO, last updated 19 September 2004, accessed 26 August 2010.
5. ^ "slugs (of Florida)". Featured Creatures Web site. University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, accessed 26 August.

External links