- Marshall "Eddie" Conway
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Marshall "Eddie" Conway Born April 23, 1946 Ethnicity African-American Citizenship U.S.A. Organization Black Panther Party Criminal charge Murder Criminal penalty Life Criminal status Jessup Correctional Institution Marshall Conway (born April 23, 1946) was the Minister of Defense of the Baltimore chapter of the Black Panther Party. In addition to his position within the Black Panther Party he was also employed by the United States Postal Service. Conway, however, was unaware that some of the founding members of the Baltimore chapter were actually undercover police officers with the Baltimore Police Department. These officers would report daily on his particular activities within the chapter. At the same time, the Federal Bureau of Investigation had also started its own investigation of Conway, recording his whereabouts, contacting his employers at the Post Office and maintaining liaison with the Baltimore Police Department.[1]
Contents
Crime
On the night of April 23, 1970, Baltimore Police Officers Donald Sager and Stanley Sierakowski were shot by three assailants who fired at least eight rounds at the officers during their response to a domestic disturbance call. Officer Sager was slain and Officer Sierakowski was critically wounded.[1][2][3] Two men were arrested about an hour later near the scene of the first shooting by Officer James Welsh and Officer Roger Nolan, based on information Welsh and Nolan had received over the police radio.[3][4] Two pistols were found near the location where the two men were hiding. The police determined that these two men, Jackie Powell and Jack Ivory Johnson, knew members of the Baltimore Black Panther Party chapter or were affiliated with it.[5] Immediately subsequent to the contact with the two men, Officer Roger Nolan was involved in a brief foot chase with a black male as Nolan tried to make contact with the male. The black male then fired several shots at Nolan and escaped. Nolan stated that he had previously seen this man on his assigned beat and could recognize him, although he did not know his name.[3] Based on the affiliation of the two suspects with the Black Panther Party, Nolan was shown two photo line-ups of party members. In the first line-up, Nolan claimed that a picture of Conway, taken seven years earlier in 1963, resembled the shooter. In the second line-up, which used a current photograph of Conway, Nolan positively identified Conway as the individual that had shot at him.[3] Welsh also positively identified Conway as the individual that Nolan had chased. The next day, Conway was arrested while working at the Post Office. Following an investigation where the ballistics of both shootings were determined to be a match, Conway was charged with both the murder of Officer Sager and the attempted murders of Officers Sierakowski and Nolan. Conway was working during the time of the shooting and his supervisor at the Post Office verified his alibi, but this did not change his conviction.[3] One of the weapons found with Powell and Johnson was also matched through ballistics testing to the murder of Officer Sager.[4]
Black Panther Party member Jack Ivory Johnson was released from Prison on May 2010.Trial
Conway appealed to the court to have either Charles Garry or William Kunstler, two attorneys who consistently represented party members, represent him at his trial. Both lawyers had offered their services free of charge. The court, however denied Conway’s request. Instead of lawyers of his own choosing the court appointed a lawyer who performed no pre-trial investigation and never met with Conway. Conway therefore chose to absent himself from much of his January 1971 trial.[6]
Prior to the trial, Johnson had confessed to the police, naming Powell and Conway as the ones who shot Officers Sager and Sierakowski.[7] According to court testimony, Johnson stated he fired into the air because "I didn't have the heart to kill the pig."[7] Johnson later refused to testify against Conway and claimed his statement was coerced.[1]
The state’s case was one based partially on the evidence of a photo identification made by Officer Nolan. In an effort to strengthen their case, the state called one Charles Reynolds, a known jailhouse informant. He testified that while he shared a cell with Conway prior to trial, Conway confessed to him. However, as was verified by the court transcript, Conway protested greatly when Reynolds was placed in his cell because everyone knew he was an informant.[1] One of the points that proved to be key to the truthfulness of Reynolds was the fact that Reynolds was told by Conway that he had taken Officer Sierakowski's watch, a fact that was not released by the police during the investigation.[8]
Finally, the ballistic evidence connecting the weapons to the murders also played a significant role in the trial. After hearing all of the evidence, the jury convicted Conway of the murder and both he and Powell were sentenced to life in prison. Both men appealed and the appellate court upheld the convictions.[3][4]
Controversy
There are several controversies involving the trial and conviction of Conway. The trial took place just two years after the 1968 Baltimore riot, the use of the photo line-up was questioned and the reliability of the jailhouse informant was brought up.[1][6][9] In addition, Conway fired two lawyers, the first (Nelson Kandel) over trial strategy differences and the second one that was appointed to represent him and who Conway refused to cooperate with.[6] Conway requested that his cellmate, attorney Arthur Turco, be appointed to represent him. Turco requested bail to be able to do so, but both of these requests were denied.[10] Conway claims to be a political prisoner.
Later Life and Popular Movement
During his imprisonment, Conway has earned three college degrees, started a literacy program, and has been an "exemplary" prisoner.[6] During the entire time, Conway has maintained his innocence.[9] In February 2001, the Baltimore City Council passed a resolution urging the Governor of Maryland to pardon Conway, over the strident protests of police officers.[11] There is a "Free Eddie Conway" website that continues to lobby for his release, with the support of various groups such as the NAACP.[12] In addition, Conway has written a book on his life, Marshall Law: The Life & Times of a Baltimore Black Panther,[13] that was released on April 4, 2011.[dated info]
See also
References
- ^ a b c d e James, Joy, ed. (2007). Warfare in the American Homeland: Policing and Prison in a Penal Democracy. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. pp. 96–99. ISBN 0822339234.
- ^ Hermann, Peter (June 30, 2009). "I Can't Believe We've Lost Our Way". Baltimore Sun.
- ^ a b c d e f Conway v. State, 289 A.2d 862 (Md. Spec. App. 1972).
- ^ a b c Powell v. State of Maryland, 299 A.2d 454 (Md. Spec. App. 1973).
- ^ Royster-Hemby, Christina (February 8, 2006). "Fighting the Power: The Black Panther Party in Baltimore: The Second of a Two-Part Series". Baltimore City Paper. http://www2.citypaper.com/news/story.asp?id=11450.
- ^ a b c d Hughes, William C. (2002). Baltimore Iconoclast. Lincoln, NE: iUniverse, Inc.. pp. 190–192. ISBN 0595215513.
- ^ a b Willis, Laurie (December 5, 2002), "Judge affirms 1972 life term ; He refuses to free radical jailed for killing officer", Baltimore Sun
- ^ Kane, Gregory (April 4, 2001), "City Council Should Check the Facts on Officer's Killer", Baltimore Sun
- ^ a b Jones, Charles Earl, ed. (1998). The Black Panther Party (Reconsidered). Baltimore: Black Classic Press. p. 426. ISBN 0933121962.
- ^ Staff. "Eddie Conway". Anarchist Black Cross Federation. http://www.abcf.net/prisoners/conway.htm. Retrieved April 28, 2010.
- ^ Hermann, Peter (March 29, 2001), "Baltimore Council's Pardon Bid Protested: Attempt to Help Man Convicted in Officer's Death Upsets City Police Union", Baltimore Sun
- ^ Wright, Michelle D. (May 4, 2001), "Marshall "Eddie" Conway Awareness Weekend", Baltimore Afro-American
- ^ Conway, Marshall "Eddie" (2011). TMarshall Law: The Life & Times of a Baltimore Black Panther. Oakland, CA: AK Press. ISBN 1849350221.
External links
- Black Panther Party official website [1]
- A history of the Black Panther Party, with original documents, described from a Marxist perspective.[2]
- Audio clips of Marshall "Eddie" Conway. Audio clips on political imprisonment and mass incarceration [3]
- COINTELPRO: The Untold American Story [4]
- 25 Years Behind Bars: Interview with Imprisoned Black Panther [5]
- Free Marshall "Eddie" Conway and All Political Prisoners! [6]
Categories:- 1946 births
- Living people
- Black Panther Party members
- People from Baltimore, Maryland
- American people convicted of murdering police officers
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