Margolus–Levitin theorem

The Margolus–Levitin theorem, named for Norman Margolus and Lev B. Levitin, gives a fundamental limit on quantum computation (strictly speaking on all forms on computation). The processing rate cannot be higher than 6 × 10³³ operations per second per joule of energy. Or stating the bound for one micro^{[clarification needed]} system:

A quantum system of energy E needs at least a time of $\frac{h}{4 E}$ to go from one state to an orthogonal state, where h = 6.626 × 10⁻³⁴ joules/hertz is Planck's constant.

The theorem is also of interest outside of quantum computation, e.g. it relates to the holographic principle, digital physics, simulated reality, the mathematical universe hypothesis and pancomputationalism.

See also

• Moore's law

References

• Norman Margolus, Lev B. Levitin (1998). "The maximum speed of dynamical evolution". Physica D 120: 188–195. arXiv:quant-ph/9710043. Bibcode 1998PhyD..120..188M. doi:10.1016/S0167-2789(98)00054-2. 
• Seth Lloyd and Y. Jack Ng, "Black Hole Computers," Scientific American (November, 2004), pp. 53–61.
• A 2002 MIT presentation on the quantum speed limit MURI2002_Lloydrevised.pdf (PDF)