Gortyn

:"This article is about the ancient city in Crete; another place with the same name is Gortyna, Arcadia."

Gortyn or Gortyna ( _el. Γόρτυνα, Γόρτυς, or Γόρτυν) is an archaeological site on the Mediterranean island of Crete, 45 km away from the modern capital Heraklion. Gortyn, the Roman capital of Crete, was first inhabited around 3000 BC, and was a flourishing Minoan town between 1600-1100 BC.

History of Gortyn

There is evidence of human occupation as far back as the Neolithic (7000 BC). Many artifacts have been found from the Minoan period, as well as some from the Dorian (1100 BC - ). The city of Gortyn surpassed the prominence of Phaistos during the first millennium BC, [ [http://letmespeaktothedriver.com/site/10857/phaistos.html#fieldnotes C.Michael Hogan, "Phaistos", The Modern Antiquarian (2007)] ] Phaistos having been the most significant city on Crete during Minoan times. Gortyn continued to rise during the Roman period (68 BC - ), and became the largest city and the capital of Crete and Northern Africa. The city was destroyed in 828 AD by invading Arabs. One of the first Christian temples was built here and the remains of an important Christian cathedral of Crete can still be seen today. This cathedral, is dedicated to St. Titus, the first Bishop of Crete during the 6th century AD. [Alban Butler, "The Lives of the Fathers, Martyrs, and Other Principal Saints", published by J. Duffy (1866)J. Duffy]

Monuments in Gortyn

The heart of Roman Gortyn, is the Praetorium, the seat of the Roman Governor of Crete. Praetorium was built in the 1st century AD, but it was altered significantly over the next eight centuries. In the same area are the ruins of the Roman baths, as well as the temple of Apollo and the temple of the Egyptian deities. Parts of the Roman settlement, such as the theater (2nd century AD), have been unearthed during excavations. The theater has two entrances and a half-circular orchestra, the outline of which may still be seen today. Behind the Roman Theater are what has been called the "Queen of the Inscriptions". These inscriptions are the laws of the city of Gortyn, they are inscribed in the Dorian dialect on large stone slabs and are still plainly visible.

The law code of Gortyn

Among archaeologists, ancient historians, and classicists Gortyn is known today primarily because of the 1884 discovery of the Gortyn Code which is both the oldest and most complete known example of a code of ancient Greek law.Fact|date=December 2007 The code was discovered on the site of a structure built by the Roman emperor Trajan, the Odeon, which for the second time, reused stones from an inscription-bearing wall that also had been incorporated into the foundation of an earlier, Hellenistic structure. Although portions of the inscriptions have been placed in museums such as the Louvre in Paris, a modern structure at the site of the mostly ruined Odeon now houses many of the stones bearing the famous law code.

The myth of Europa and Zeus

Classical Greek mythology has it that Gortyn was the site of one of Zeus' many affairs. This myth features the princess Europa, whose name has been applied to the continent, Europe. Disguised as a bull, Zeus abducted Europa from Lebanon and they had an affair under a plane tree (platanos), [Yves Bonnefoy, "Greek and Egyptian Mythologies" (1992) University of ChicagoPress] a tree that may be seen today in Gortys. Following this affair three children were born, who became the kings of the three Minoan Palaces in Crete. The identification of Europa in this myth gives weight to the claim that the civilization of the European continent was born on the island of Crete.Fact|date=May 2008

References

External links

* [http://odysseus.culture.gr/h/3/eh351.jsp?obj_id=2355 Hellenic Ministry of Culture: Gortyna]
* [http://odysseus.culture.gr/h/2/eh251.jsp?obj_id=1836 Hellenic Ministry of Culture: Odeion of Gortyn]
* [http://www.explorecrete.com/archaeology/gortys.html Gortyn or Gortys]
* [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/450-gortyn.html Internet Ancient History Sourcebook: The Law Code of Gortyn (Crete)]
* [http://www.explorecrete.com/crete-east/Gortys/Gortys_photos.html Photos of Gortyn]
*cite web|url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/06654a.htm|title=Gortyna|work=Catholic Encyclopedia |accessdate=2007-02-18