Destruction of Neuss

Coordinates: 51°12′1″N 6°41′38″E / 51.20028°N 6.69389°E / 51.20028; 6.69389

Destruction of Neuss Part of the Cologne War Coat of arms of Neuss. After the city held out in a year-long siege, the emperor granted the right to incorporate imperial arms into the city's coat of arms: the crown and the imperial hawks. Date July 1586, concluded July 26, 1586 Location Neuss Result Victory for Ernst of Bavaria Belligerents Gebhard Truchsess von Waldburg, Prince Elector of Cologne Ernst of Bavaria, Prince Elector Cologne Commanders and leaders Hermann Friedrich Cloedt † Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma for Philip of Spain Strength Garrison: 1600 Dutch and German Artillery: none Troops: 8000 infantry, 2000 cavalry Artillery: 45 Casualties and losses Garrison: no known survivors Civilian and military dead: 4000+ < 500

The Destruction of Neuss occurred in July 1586, during the Cologne War. Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma's troops surrounded the city of Neuss, an important Protestant garrison in the Electorate of Cologne. After the city refused to capitulate, Parma's army reduced the city to rubble, through a combination of brutal artillery fire, destructive house to house fighting, plundering; during the battle, a fire started that destroyed most of the rest of the city. In total, approximately 3000 civilians were killed, of a population of approximately 4500, and the entire garrison was slaughtered.

Situation in 1586

Main article: Cologne War

Neuss had been taken by supporters of the Protestant Prince-Elector, Gebhard Truchsess von Waldburg supporters in February 1586. Adolf Count of Moers and Neuenahr reinforced and supplied the city and took most of his troops north, to Moers and Venlo, leaving the young Friedrich Cloedt in command of the city. Cloedt had a garrison of 1600 men, mostly Germans and Dutch soldiers; some had military experience, but many were recent recruits.^[1] One hundred years earlier it had resisted a lengthy siege by Charles the Bold of Burgundy, and for its efforts, the emperor had granted Neuss the right to mint its own coins and to incorporate the imperial arms in its own coat of arms. In June, the Duke of Parma approached the city, and surrounded its landed fortifications; he was supported by Karl von Mansfeld, Francisco Verdugo, and Salentin VII of Isenburg-Grenzau.^[2]

Engraved map of the city of Neuss

Parma had an impressive force at his command; in addition Mansfeld's 2000 troops, he had another 6000 or so foot and Tercios, plus 2000 mounted, experienced Italian, Spanish and some German soldiers, plus some 45 cannons, which Parma distributed on the redoubt across the river, and on the heights some short distance from the city walls.^[3] Prior to the cannonade, Parma requested the capitulation of the city, which was declined, officially with great politeness, but as Parma's emissary returned to the Spanish camp, he was followed by jeers and insults from the townsmen. The next day, being the feast of St. James, and the patron day for the Spanish, the battle was not joined, however reports circulated in the Spanish camp that two soldiers, captured in the previous days' sorties, had been roasted alive in the market square to desecrate the Holy day.^[4]

The Electorate of Cologne, circa 1580. The City of Cologne, although part of the archdiocese, was not part of the Electorate.

Battle

Once the cannonade began, Parma's 45 artillery pounded at the walls for 30 hours with iron cannonballs weighing 30 to 50 pounds, in total 2700 rounds.^[5] The Spanish made several attacks, each repelled. With the ninth assault, the outer wall was breached, and soldiers poured into the city, the Italians from one end, and the Spanish from the other. They met in the marketplace in the middle (see map of the city—above).^[6]

Cloedt, gravely injured (his leg was reportedly nearly ripped off and he had five other serious wounds), had been carried into the town. The Spanish and Italian forces entered the town from opposing ends, and met in the middle. Parma was reportedly inclined to honor the garrison commander; Ernst demanded his blood.^[7] Soldiers found Cloedt and the dying man was hanged from the window, along with several dozen others in his force. Italian and Spanish soldiers, on their rampage through the city, slaughtered the rest of the garrison, even the men who tried to surrender. Women, who had taken refuge in some of the churches, were initially spared, but when the fire started, they were forced into the street. Contemporary accounts refer to children, women, and old men, their clothes in sparks or flames, trying to escape the conflagration, only to be trapped by the enraged soldiers; if they escaped the flames and the Spanish, they still had to elude the Italians. Parma wrote to the king (of Spain) that over 4000 lay dead in the ditches. English observers confirmed this report, and elaborated that only 8 buildings remained standing.^[8]

Aftermath

Although Parma had taken the city, his Protestant opponents could take some comfort in the fact that the city had been destroyed in the process and was of no use as a garrison. Yet this was in no way a Pyrrhic victory; Parma had lost fewer than 500 of his own force, and the Protestants had lost a significant geographical and militarily strategic point, and one of their more intrepid young commanders in Cloedt. Parma had nearly unfettered access to the Electorate's northern regions, called the Niederstift, from which he could mount an attack on the rebellious provinces of the Netherlands. Gebhard renounced of the Electorate in 1588. Despite Ernst of Bavaria's unchallenged possession, Parma continued to acquire and fortify towns throughout the region.^[9]

Sources

Citations and notes

1. ^ Leonard Ennen, Geschichte der Stadt Köln, v. 5, specifically p. 178. 1880.
2. ^ (German) J. H. Hennes, Der Kampf um das Erzstift Köln, Cologne, 1878, p. 178.
3. ^ Charles Maurice Davies The history of Holland and the Dutch nation, vol. 3, 1851, p. 188, reported Parma had as many as 18,000 troops; most sources settle the number at closer to 10,000: See (German) Hennes, Der Kampf um das Erzstift Koln,,Ennen, Geschichte der Stadt Köln and (German) J. Hansen, Nuntiaturberichte aus Deutschland: Der Kampf um Köln, Berlin, 1892.
4. ^ (German) Hennes, 179; (German) Martin Philipson, Ein Ministerium unter Philipp II. published 1895, p. 575.
5. ^ Ennen, p. 186.
6. ^ Ennen, p. 178.
7. ^ Motley, Chapter IX. Leonard Ennen, Geschichte der Stadt Köln, v. 5, specifically p. 178. 1880.
8. ^ Motley, Chapter IX.
9. ^ Ennen, p. 178; Hajo Holborn, A History of Modern Germany, The Reformation, Princeton, 1959. pp. 152–246; Motley, Chapter IX.

Bibliography

• Davies, Charles Maurice. The history of Holland and the Dutch nation, vol. 3, London: G. Willis, 1851.
• (German) Ennen, Leonard. Geschichte der Stadt Köln. Düsseldorf: Schwann'schen. (1863–1880).
• (German) Hennes, Johann Heinrich. Der Kampf um das Erzstift Köln zur Zeit der Kurfürsten. Köln: DuMont-Schauberg. 1878.
• Holborn, Hajo, A History of Modern Germany, The Reformation. Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press, 1959.