de Prony brake

de Prony brake dynamometers at a tractor contest in 1910

Schematic of a de Prony brake

The de Prony Brake is a simple device invented by Gaspard de Prony to measure the torque produced by an engine. The term "brake horsepower" is one measurement of power derived from this method of measuring torque. (Power is calculated by multiplying torque times rotational speed.)

Essentially the measurement is made by wrapping a cord or belt around the output shaft of the engine and measuring the force transferred to the belt through friction. The friction is increased by tightening the belt until the frequency of rotation of the shaft is reduced. In practice more engine power can then be applied until the limit of the engine is reached.

In its simplest form an engine is connected to a rotating drum by means of an output shaft. A friction band is wrapped around half the drum's circumference and each end attached to a separate spring balance. A substantial pre-load is then applied to the ends of the band, so that each spring balance has an initial and identical reading. When the engine is starting the frictional force between the drum and the band will increase the force reading on one balance and decrease it on the other. The difference between the two readings is used to calculate torque, because the radius of the driven drum is known. If the engine speed is measured with a tachometer, the brake horsepower is easily calculated.

An alternate mechanism is to clamp a lever to the shaft and measure using a single balance. The torque is then related to the lever length, shaft diameter and measured force.

The device is generally used over a range of engine speeds to obtain power and torque curves for the engine, since there is a non-linear relationship between torque and engine speed for most engine types.

Power output in SI units may be calculated as follows:

Rotary power (in newton meters per second, N·m/s) = 2 x pi × lever length (in meters, m) × revolutions per second × measured force (in newtons, N). ^[1][2]

Or in English units:

Rotary power (in pound-feet per second, lb·ft/s) = 2 x pi × lever length (in feet, ft) × revolutions per second × measured force (in pounds, lbs).

References

1. ^ Kemp’s Engineer’s Year Book
2. ^ Reeds Applied Mechanics for Engineers