Cynomya cadaverina

Cynomya cadaverina
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Diptera
Family:	Calliphoridae
Tribe:	Calliphorini
Genus:	Cynomya
Species:	C. cadaverina
Binomial name
Cynomya cadaverina Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830
Synonyms
Cynomyopsis cadaverina

Cynomya cadaverina, also known as the shiny blue bottle fly, is a member of the family Calliphoridae, which includes both blow flies, as well as bottle flies. In recent years, this family has become a forensically important facet in many medicocriminal investigations in the growing field of forensic entomology. C. cadaverina is specifically important in determining a post-mortem interval as well as other important factors.

Taxonomy

Cynomya cadaverina was first described in 1830 by the French entomologist Jean-Baptiste Robineau-Desvoidy. Its name is derived from the Latin word cadaverina meaning ‘flies that feed on dead bodies.’^[1] This species is a member of the order Diptera and the diverse family Calliphoridae.

Description

C. cadaverina is a fairly large species ranging anywhere from 9-14 millimeters long and has many characteristics that are common to its family, Calliphoridae.^[2] These characteristics include their metallic color, having bristles on their meron as well as having plumose arista.^[3] This species is known for having a shiny metallic blue abdomen for which it is named. It has a dark blue or black thorax and has distinctive darker blue stripes present on the dorsum behind its head.^[4] Along with these other characteristics, C. cadaverina also has white calypters, a bare stem vein and a parafacial with a ground color ranging from black to reddish brown with a yellow covering.^[5]

Distribution

Cynomya cadaverina is known to range throughout the Neartic region with it being found mostly in southern Canada but also in the northern United States. Despite their normal location, they have also been found in states as far south as Florida and Texas.^[4] This species is known as a cool weather species and colonizes carrion in the highest numbers in the spring and fall months. In most cases, they overwinter as adults and may enter into houses during that time.^[6]

Life cycle and development

Members of the order Diptera have a holometabolous lifecycle meaning they go through four life stages: egg, larva, pupa and imago, or adult. C. cadaverina typically has around 17 generations of offspring per year with 25 to 50 eggs per generation if the right conditions are present.^[2][7] Temperature can have an extreme impact on development. If the temperature gets above or below a certain temperature it can cause all development of the fly to stop. In general, the warmer it is, the faster the lifecycle will go. While if it is colder, the lifecycle may take longer than usual. This has to be taken into account when estimating the postmortem interval.

Adults of C. cadaverina lay their eggs in open wounds or natural body openings on carrion typically in small clusters or scattered singly.^[8] The eggs usually hatch out within 24 to 72 hours depending on the season.^[2] The eggs will then hatch into larvae that will go through three instars (stages). Each one of these stages is separated by a molt. During a molt, the larvae shed its outer layer in order to accommodate for new growth that comes with increased consumption of food needed for energy stores. The first instar typically lasts for approximately 20 hours while the second instar lasts for 16 hours followed by the third instar for 72 hours. After the larvae have completed their development and stored as much energy as possible they disperse to a safe area to complete their next stage, the pupal stage. This stage lasts for about 9 days before the fly finally emerges as an adult. The total lifecycle of C. cadaverina can take anywhere from 17–19 days depending on the temperature.^[7]

Forensic and medical importance

Post-mortem interval estimation

PMI estimation is used to figure out how much time has elapsed since a person died by using insects to help estimate this interval. Depending on the species of insect, some are attracted to fresh corpses while others are only attracted to the putrid and advanced stages of decomposition. This means the insects go through waves of succession. Using this information as well as the lifecycle of the insect in question it can be used to estimate the PMI. This depends on what stage of development the insect is in as well as the weather in recent months among other factors. Specifically with C. cadaverina they tend to be attracted to fairly advanced stages of decomposition while rarely being found on fresh carrion.^[4] They also tend to be in the second wave of succession usually showing up after Lucilia spp. and Calliphora spp.^[7]

Myiasis and maggot therapy

Myiasis is the infestation of living or necrotic tissue in a living host by fly larvae. Some flies may just lay their eggs in a festering wound while other may infest unwounded tissue.^[9] C. cadaverina has occasionally been found in cases of myiasis but is not a fly that is regularly found. Myiasis is fairly uncommon in the United States but tends to be very common in third world countries and can create a major problem with livestock causing severe economic losses. Myiasis is different from maggot therapy in which physicians purposely use larvae of flies that feed on necrotic tissue in order to clean up a wound and aid healing. Maggot therapy can clean up a wound that has been festering for months very quickly.

Mitochondrial DNA analysis

In recent years, there have been numerous research projects on the topic of mitochondrial DNA analysis in fly larvae. In cases where larvae have fed on human tissue, these larvae are collected and then the gut is dissected out. The mitochondrial DNA from the gut is analyzed and can lead to the identification of the corpse the maggot was feeding on as well as the species of the maggot itself.^[10] This information could be critical if the body was too decomposed to lead to identification or in other situations where identification would be near to impossible. Research concerning mitochondrial DNA analysis is currently being conducted on C. cadaverina in order to aid in investigations.

Disease transmission

Cynomya cadaverina has been found to demonstrate communicative behavior via clustering and aggregation. It has been described by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration as being a part of the "filthy fly" category as it tends to breed in excrement and thrives in filthy habitats. This fly can also pose a health hazard due to the transmission of enteric pathogens that can lead to foodborne diseases in humans.^[11]

Future research

Further research is being conducted on Cynomya cadaverina to gain more information on its lifecycle as well as its behavior in order to better pinpoint time of death with postmortem interval estimation. This information will further aid forensic entomologists as well as investigators in solving medicocriminal investigations. Also, continued research on mitochondrial DNA analysis will be able to provide more identifications in cases where identification may have seemed impossible. Although Cynomya cadaverina is not as forensically or medically important as some of the other species of fly it can still be a powerful tool in investigations as well as aid in maggot therapy.

References

1. ^ Beard, J.R., & C., Cassell's Latin Dictionary, 1977, Cassell's, Pg. 501
2. ^ ^{a b c} Hall, G., David, The Blowflies of North America, 1948, Thomas Say Foundation, Pgs. 327-331
3. ^ Castner, L., James, Photographic Atlas of Entomology and Guide to Insect Identification, 2001, Feline Pr, Pg. 148
4. ^ ^{a b c} Byrd, H., Jason, and James L. Castner, Forensic Entomology: The Utility of Arthropods in Legal Investigations, 2000, CRC, pg. 48
5. ^ Whitworth, Terry. 2006. Keys to the Genera and Species of the Blow Flies (Diptera:Calliphoridae) of America North of Mexico. PROC. ENTOL. SOC. WASH. 30 June. 108(3), Pp.699-708
6. ^ Gill, J., Ginger, 2005, "Decomposition and Arthropod Succession on Above Ground Pig Carrion in Rural Manitoba", Canadian Police Research Centre
7. ^ ^{a b c} Smith, G.V., Kenneth, A Manual of Forensic Entomology, 1987, Cornell Univ Pr, Pgs. 16 & 46
8. ^ Southwestern Entomologist, 2003, Volume 1, Issue 1, Pg. 41
9. ^ Stevens, R., Jamie, "The Evolution of Myiasis in Blowflies (Calliphoridae)", International Journal for Parasitology, Volume 33, Issue 10, Pgs. 1105-1113
10. ^ Wells, JD., "Human and Insect Mitochondrial DNA Analysis From Maggots", Journal of Forensic Sciences, Volume 46, Issue 3
11. ^ Olsen, R., Alan, 1998, Regulatory Action Criteria for Filth and Other Extraneous Materials, Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, Volume 28, Issue 3, Pgs. 199-211

External links

• Bugguide.net
• British Insects: the Families of Diptera by L. Watson, M.J. Dallwitz
• Calliphoridae death online
• Entomology & Death: A Procedural Guide by Elmer Paul Catts, Neal H. Haskell
• Forensic Entomology: The Utility of Arthropods in Legal Investigations by Jason H. Byrd, James L. Castner
• The blowflies of North America by David G. Hall
• Kaufman field guide to insects of North America by Eric R. Eaton, Kenn Kaufman