Crossover effects

In linguistics, crossover effects are restrictions on possible binding or coreference found between certain phrases and pronouns. Crossover effects are divided into weak crossover or strong crossover.

Weak crossover

In syntax, weak crossover (or WCO) refers to the restriction on possible binding or coreference found between certain phrases and pronouns, as the two below:

(1) ?Who_i does his_i mother love t_i?

(2) ?His_i mother loves [each boy]_i.

In (1), the object wh-phrase who is said to have 'crossed over' the pronoun 'his' embedded in the subject. The same set of data found with quantifiers has often been claimed to be due to a covert movement of the quantifier phrase at a more abstract level of syntactic representation (such as Logical Form (LF)).

Strong crossover

Strong crossover (SCO) refers to the restriction on possible binding or coreference found between certain phrases and pronouns, as below:

(3) *Who_i does he_i love t_i?

(4) *He_i loves each boy_i.

In (3), the object wh-phrase who is said to have "crossed over" the subject pronoun he; in this configuration, the individuals picked out by he cannot covary with those selected by who (that is, he cannot be bound by the quantifier associated with who). The same set of data found with quantifiers, as in (4), has often been claimed to be due to a covert movement of the quantifier phrase at a more abstract level of syntactic representation (such as Logical Form (LF)).

Crossover effects were originally discovered by Paul Postal in 1971;^[1] the division into 'weak' and 'strong' is due to Tom Wasow, whose dissertation describes the fact that for many speakers, the restriction on binding is felt to be stronger in cases like (3) and (4) than in Weak Crossover configurations like (1) and (2).^[2]

References

1. ^ Postal, Paul. 1971. Crossover phenomena.
2. ^ Wasow, Thomas. 1972. Anaphoric relations in English. MIT dissertation.

• Chierchia, Gennaro. 1995. Dynamics of meaning. University of Chicago Press

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