- Richter tuning
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Richter tuning is a system of choosing the reeds for a diatonic wind instrument (such as a harmonica or accordion). It is named after Joseph Richter, a Bohemian instrument maker who adopted the tuning for his harmonicas the early 19th century and is credited with inventing the blow/draw mechanism that allows the harmonica to play different notes when the air is drawn instead of blown.
Richter tuning is designed as a compromise between diatonic melody and harmony. The lower portion of the harmonica is designed to play the tonic and dominant chords on the blow and draw respectively (in the key of C, this would be the C major and G major chords). The remainder of the instrument is tuned to, in this example, blow entirely in the key of C major, with each successive note following the sequence
and the four notes not in the C major chord arranged on the draw in the sequence
For example:
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hole 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 blow note G C E G C E G C E G C E G C E G draw note B D G B D F A B D F A B D F A B
Contents
Variants
There have been many variants of Richter tuning.
Country tuning
Country tuning raises the initial F by a semitone to an F♯. This primarily aids in harmony in the key of G, facilitating easy play of the G-C-D (I-IV-V) chord progression, while maintaining a partial G7 (minus the root) higher on the harmonica. It can occasionally be helpful in some melodies, most notably "The Star-Spangled Banner," which has a low F# and a high F. For example:
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hole 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 blow note G C E G C E G C E G draw note B D G B D F♯ A B D F
(Compare this to major seventh tuning, below.)
Harmonic minor tuning
Harmonic minor tuning is a variation in which E is replaced by E♭ and A is replaced by A♭. Thus the blow notes repeat a sequence of
(perhaps shifted to begin with E♭ or with G) and draw notes at some point begin to follow a repeating sequence of
though perhaps with a different initial sequence.
For example:
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hole 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 blow note G C E♭ G C E♭ G C E♭ G C E♭ G C E♭ G draw note B D G B D F A♭ B D F A♭ B D F A♭ B
Major seventh tuning
Major seventh tuning raised each F by a semitone to F♯. For example
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hole 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 blow note G C E G C E G C E G C E G C E G draw note B D G B D F♯ A B D F♯ A B D F♯ A B
(Compare this to country tuning, above.)
Melody Maker tuning
Melody Maker tuning raises the first or second draw-note G by a full note to an A, and raises each F by a semitone to F♯. For example:
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hole 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 blow note G C E A C E G C E G draw note B D G B D F♯ A B D F♯
Natural minor tuning
Natural minor tuning is a variation in which E is replaced by E♭ and B is replaced by B♭. Thus the blow notes repeat a sequence of
(perhaps shifted to begin with E♭ or with G) and draw notes at some point begin to follow a repeating sequence of
though perhaps with a different initial sequence.
For example:
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hole 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 blow note G C E♭ G C E♭ G C E♭ G C E♭ G C E♭ G draw note B♭ D G B♭ D F A B♭ D F A B♭ D F A B♭
Paddy Richter tuning
Paddy Richter tuning (developed by Brendan Power) allows a two octave scale suitable for melody-based music. It was developed with Irish jigs, reels and hornpipes in mind but is suitable for other melodic music also. The tuning raises the 3 blow by a semitone eg from D to E on a G harp. (note that the F's are F# not Fnat). The lower octave requires a bend on the 2 draw to achieve a missing note (C in the example below)
For example:
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hole 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 blow note G B E G B D G B D G draw note A D F# A C E F# A C E
(above Paddy Richter tuning was checked on a Paddy Richter G Harp using an electronic Chromatic Tuner)
Richter Extended tuning
So-called Richter Extended tuning is in fact a significant departure from Richter tuning. In "Richter extended tuning," all Fs and As are removed from the instrument, and the dominant (G) chord is, like C on the blow, extended through all of the holes on the draw, following the sequence
For example:
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hole 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 blow note C E G C E G C E G C E G draw note D G B D G B D G B D G B
See also
- Augmented tuning
- Diminished tuning
- Dorian Cross tuning
- Scale tuning
- Solo tuning
References
- Chelminski, Rudolph; “Harmonicas are… hooty, wheezy, twangy and tooty”, Smithsonian Magazine, November 1995.
- Häffner, Martin, and Lars Lindenmüller; Harmonica Makers of Germany and Austria: History and Trademarks of Hohner and Their Many Competitors.
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