Exchange Alley

John Rocque's Map, 1747

Exchange Alley or Change Alley is a narrow alleyway connecting shops and coffeehouses in an old neighbourhood of the City of London in England, bounded by Lombard Street, Cornhill and Birchin Lane.^[1] It served as a convenient shortcut from the Royal Exchange to the Post Office. The shops included ship chandlers, makers of instruments for navigation such as telescopes, and goldsmiths from Lombardy.

The coffee houses^[2] of Exchange Alley, especially Jonathan's and Garraway's, became an early venue for the lively trading of stocks and commodities. These activities were the progenitor of the London Stock Exchange. Similarly, Edward Lloyd's coffee house, at 16, Lombard Street^[3] but originally on Tower Street, was the forerunner of Lloyd's of London, Lloyd's Register and Lloyd's List.

History

Lombard Street and Change Alley had been the open-air meeting place of London's mercantile community before Sir Thomas Gresham founded the Royal Exchange in 1565.^[4] In 1698, John Castaing began publishing the prices of stocks and commodities in Jonathan's Coffee House, providing the first evidence of systematic exchange of securities in London. Many stock jobbers, who had been expelled from the Royal Exchange for their rude manners, also migrated to Jonathan's and Garraway's.

Change Alley was the site of some noteworthy events in England's financial history, including the South Sea Bubble from 1711 to 1720 and the panic of 1745. "Change Alley in the South Sea Bubble", Edward Matthew Ward's painting now in the Tate Gallery, skewers stock jobbers' opportunism and the foolishness of investors. Contemporary songs and sarcastic decks of cards are described in Charles Mackay's Memoirs of Extraordinary Popular Delusions and the Madness of Crowds. Although lampooning the collapse of the South Sea Company has been a popular pastime, others have considered that "the basic outlines of the Anglo-American structure of finance were set by 1723 -– a complementary set of private commercial and merchant banks all enjoying continuous access to an active, liquid secondary market for financial assets, especially government debt. The South Sea Bubble proved to be the "big bang" for financial capitalism in England."^[5]

In 1748, a fire started at a peruke-maker's in Exchange Alley, and from ninety to one hundred houses were burnt down in Exchange Alley, Cornhill and Birchin Lane.^[6] Many lives were lost and the fire destroyed the London Assurance Office, the "Swan", "Fleece", "Three Tuns" and "George and Vulture" taverns, and "Tom's" the "Rainbow" "Garraway's," "Jonathan's" and the "Jerusalem" coffee-houses. ^[7] The fire also destroyed a rare collection of butterflies assembled by the Aurelian Society.^[8]

In 1761 a club of 150 brokers and jobbers was formed to trade stocks. The club built its own building in Sweeting's Alley in 1773, dubbed the "New Jonathan's", later renamed the Stock Exchange.^[9]

See also

• City of London
• London Stock Exchange
• Lombard Street, London
• Cornhill, London
• Joint Stock Company
• South Sea Bubble

References

1. ^ John Biddulph Martin, "The Grasshopper" in Lombard Street, New York, Scribner & Welford (1892).
2. ^ J. Pelzer and L. Pelzer, "Coffee Houses of Augustan London," History Today, (October, 1982), pp. 40-47.
3. ^ “The English Coffee Houses”, Waes Hael Poetry & Tobacco Club. On Line.
4. ^ John Biddulph Martin, "The Grasshopper" in Lombard Street, New York, Scribner & Welford (1892), p. 207.
5. ^ Larry Neal. "How It All Began: The Monetary and Financial Architecture of Europe during the First Global Capital Markets: 1648-1815."
6. ^ British Library Online Gallery
7. ^ 'Cornhill, Gracechurch Street, and Fenchurch Street', Old and New London: Volume 2 (1878), pp. 170-183. Date accessed: 10 May 2010
8. ^ Aurelian Books
9. ^ "Our History", London Stock Exchange

Literature

• John Biddulph Martin, "The Grasshopper" in Lombard Street, New York, Scribner & Welford (1892).
• Dianne Dugaw, "High Change in 'Change Alley': Popular Ballads and Emergent Capitalism in the Eighteenth Century", Eighteenth-Century Life, Vol. 22, Number 2 (May, 1998), pp. 43–58.
• The Diary of Samuel Pepys, May 28, 1663.
• “The English Coffee Houses”, Waes Hael Poetry & Tobacco Club. On Line.

Coordinates: 51°30′49″N 0°05′14″W / 51.51361°N 0.08722°W / 51.51361; -0.08722