- Sarah Aaronsohn
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Sarah Aaronsohn
Sarah Aaronsohn (January 5, 1890 – October 9, 1917) was a member of Nili, a ring of Jewish spies working for the British in World War I, and a sister of notable botanist Aaron Aaronsohn.[1] Sometimes she is referred to as the "heroine of Nili."[2]
Contents
Early life
Sarah was born and died in Zichron Yaakov, Palestine, which at the time was a province of the Turkish-ruled Ottoman Empire. She lived briefly in Istanbul until 1915, when she returned home to Zichron Yaakov in December to escape an unhappy marriage .
Decision to spy
On her way from Istanbul to Haifa, Sarah personally witnessed the Armenian Genocide. In her testimony, she describes seeing hundreds of bodies of men, women and babies, sickened Armenians being loaded onto trains and a massacre of up to 5,000 Armenians by bounding them to a pyramid of thorns and setting it alight.[3] Since her trip to Haifa, any allusions to Armenians got her into a fit of hysteria.[3] According to Chaim Herzog, Sarah decided to assist British forces after she witnessed the Armenian genocide by the Ottomans in Anatolia.[4]
Spy ring
Sarah, her brothers Aaron and Alex and their friend Avshalom Feinberg formed and led Nili. Sarah oversaw operations of the spy-ring and passed information to British agents offshore. When Aaron Aaronsohn was away, she headed the spy operations in Palestine. Sometimes she travelled widely through Ottoman territory collecting information useful to the British, and brought it directly to them in Egypt. In 1917, Alex urged her to remain in British-controlled Egypt, expecting hostilities by Ottoman authorities. She nevertheless returned to Zichron Yaakov to continue Nili activities.
Discovery and death
Sarah (right) and her mother's graves at the Zikhron cemetery in IsraelIn September 1917, the Ottomans caught her carrier pigeon with a message to the British and decrypted the Nili code. In October, the Ottomans surrounded Zichron Yaakov and arrested numerous people, including Sarah. After four days of torture, she managed to shoot and kill herself with a pistol concealed on the premises to avoid further torture and to protect her colleagues.[5][6]
In her last letter, she expressed her hope that her activities in Nili would bring nearer the realization of a Jewish national home for the Jews in Eretz Israel.
See also
- Balfour Declaration, 1917
- Zionism
References
- ^ Sarah Aaronsohn (Jewish Virtual Library, based on New Encyclopedia of Zionism and Israel, ed., Geoffrey Wigoder, Copyright 1994 by Associated University Press, The Jewish Agency for Israel and The World Zionist Organization.)
- ^ Herzog, Chaim (1989). Heroes of Israel. Boston: Little, Brown. ISBN 0316359017.
- ^ a b Bartov, Mack, Omer, Phyllis (2001). In God's Name: Genocide and Religion in the Twentieth Century. Berghahn Books. pp. 274–275. ISBN 1571812148.
- ^ Armenian Genocide Research - The First World War : A Complete History
- ^ Auron, Yair. The Banality of Indifference. 2001, page 179-80
- ^ Kahana, Ephraim. Historical dictionary of Israeli intelligence. 2006, page xix
External links
- (Hebrew) שרה אהרנסון Sarah Aaronsohn (izkor.gov.il)
- Prof. Billie Melman, Sarah Aaronsohn (Jewish Women: A Comprehensive Historical Encyclopedia, Jewish Women's Archive)
- Biography on MyJewishLearning.com
Categories:- 1890 births
- 1917 deaths
- Female wartime spies
- Suicides by firearm
- Jews in Ottoman and British Palestine
- Spies who committed suicide
- World War I spies for the United Kingdom
- Women in World War I
- Witnesses of the Armenian Genocide
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