Guernes de Pont-Sainte-Maxence, also known as Garnier, was a 12th-century French scribe and one of the ten biographers [Knowles, David, "The Episcopal Colleagues of Archbishop Thomas Becket," (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge: 1951)54] of Saint Thomas Becket of Canterbury.
Life
All that we know about Guernes is what he tells us, directly or indirectly, through his sole text, "Vie de Sainte Thomas Becket." He was born in the little French town of Pont-Sainte-Maxence, and was a wandering Christian cleric with good command of Latin. [Shirley, Janet, "Introduction to her translation,"Garnier's Becket," (Phillimore and Co., LTD., London: 1975)xi] Shortly after Thomas Becket's death in 1170 Guernes set out to compose a vernacular-French, biographical poem of Becket's life. He completed his first draft in 1172, working from Europe, but it was stolen before he could correct it. [Staunton, Michael, "Thomas Becket and his Biographers," (The Boydell Press, Woodbridge: 2006)32] This first draft was compiled only from secondary sources and drew mainly on an earlier biography by Edward Grim, who witnessed Becket's Death first hand and was wounded trying to save him. [Short, Ian, "An Early Draft of Guernes' "Vie de saint Thomas Beckett," in "Medium Aevum," (vol. 46: 1977, pgs 20-34)21] Guernes immediately started working on a second draft and, being a wandering cleric, left Europe to interview the eye witnesses of Becket's death in the Canterbury area. [Johnson Phyllis and Brigitte Cazelles, "Le vain siecle Guerpir: A Literary Approach to Sainthood Through Old French Hagiography of the Twelfth Century," in "North Carolina Studies in the Romance Languages and Literatures," (no. 205, Spain:1979)297.] Guernes completed the text, in 1174, drawing primarily on Edward Grim and William of Canterbury, and consulting Benedict of Peterborough and William Fitzstephen. [Staunton, Michael, "Thomas Becket and his Biographers," (The Boydell Press, Woodbridge: 2006)32] Although Guernes did not personally know Becket, he tells us he saw him numerous times riding against the French. [Staunton, Michael, "Thomas Becket and his Biographers," (The Boydell Press, Woodbridge: 2006)32]
Vie de Sainte Thomas Becket
Guernes's work is the earliest-known life of Becket written in French, and the the earliest known verse life of Becket. [Staunton, Michael, "Thomas Becket and his Biographers," (The Boydell Press, Woodbridge: 2006)33 ] There are six manuscripts of the second draft, all of them are Anglo-Norman and none of them older than the 13th-century. [Shirley, Janet, "Introduction to her translation,"Garnier's Becket," (Phillimore and Co., LTD., London: 1975)xv] In 1977, Ian Short examined a fragment of the first draft which was assumed lost and noted that the second draft was far less influenced by Grim. [Staunton, Michael, "Thomas Becket and his Biographers," (The Boydell Press, Woodbridge: 2006)32] [Short, Ian, "An Early Draft of Guernes' "Vie de saint Thomas Beckett," in "Medium Aevum," (vol. 46: 1977, pgs 20-34)21.]
Form
The poem is composed of 6,180 lines grouped in 5-line, mono-rhymed stanzas, [Johnson Phyllis and Brigitte Cazelles, "Le vain siecle Guerpir: A Literary Approach to Sainthood Through Old French Hagiography of the Twelfth Century," in "North Carolina Studies in the Romance Languages and Literatures," (no. 205, Spain:1979)296.] and the form is of a "dignified and serious alexandrine."[Shirley, Janet, "Introduction to her translation,"Garnier's Becket," (Phillimore and Co., LTD., London: 1975)xiii] It is written in vernacular French, slightly affected by Picard and Anglo-Norman. The Picardism comes from Pont-Sainte-Maxence’s close proximity to Picardy, which Guernes downplays by highlighting that Pont-Sainte-Maxence is within France’s boundaries, therefore his language is good. [Shirley, Janet, "Introduction to her translation,"Garnier's Becket," (Phillimore and Co., LTD., London: 1975)xii] The poem is further coloured with hints of Anglo-Norman because it was copied by Anglo-Norman scribes. [Johnson Phyllis and Brigitte Cazelles, "Le vain siecle Guerpir: A Literary Approach to Sainthood Through Old French Hagiography of the Twelfth Century," in "North Carolina Studies in the Romance Languages and Literatures," (no. 205, Spain:1979)297] Guernes’s language is relatively free of dialectical traits, and it has therefore been concluded that he wrote in the literary language of the period. [Johnson Phyllis and Brigitte Cazelles, "Le vain siecle Guerpir: A Literary Approach to Sainthood Through Old French Hagiography of the Twelfth Century," in "North Carolina Studies in the Romance Languages and Literatures," (no. 205, Spain:1979)297] ]Both versions of Guernes’s poem adopt a similar narrative structure as Edward Grim’s biography of Becket, but Guernes also adapts his materials, adds to them, and contributes his own opinions. [Shirley, Janet, "Introduction to her translation,"Garnier's Becket," (Phillimore and Co., LTD., London: 1975)xiii]
Style
The poem contains elements of two hagiographical genres: the heroic biography or Chansons de Geste, and the epic. [Shirley, Janet, "Introduction to her translation,"Garnier's Becket," (Phillimore and Co., LTD., London: 1975)xiii] There are several attempts at the epic technique of repetition, and Guernes also elegantly repeats the same word three or four times in differing senses. [Shirley, Janet, "Introduction to her translation,"Garnier's Becket," (Phillimore and Co., LTD., London: 1975)xiii] The Chansons de Geste genre is represented by heroics of Becket’s death, how he “defied the enemy of Christ and perished a champion of the true faith.” [Ford, J.D.M., "The Saints' Lives in the Vernacular Literature of the Middle Ages," in "Catholic Historical Review," (vol. 17: 1934)269] The poem was written in the vernacular and Guernes tells us he often read it beside Becket’s tomb in the cathedral at Canterbury. In her introduction to her English translation Janet Shirley describes the text as the following:
“It is a lively emphatic creation, written for quiet study but to be enjoyed by a listening audience… It was both a serious work and a tourist attraction.” [Shirley, Janet, "Introduction to her translation,"Garnier's Becket," (Phillimore and Co., LTD., London: 1975)xiii]
Despite the desire to entertain, and the obvious hagiographical imperative of the poem, Guernes expressed his concern for truth through accuracy, which is reflected in his journalistic methods of compiling information. [Staunton, Michael, "Thomas Becket and his Biographers," (The Boydell Press, Woodbridge: 2006)33]
Historical Impact
Vernacular-hagiography had a specific influence on the epic genre; it influenced the very conception of hero by canonizing figures like Charlemagne, Roland, Perceval, Lancelot, and Galahad. [Dembowski Peter F., "Literary Problems of Hagiography in Old French," in "Medievalia et Humanistica," (n.s. 7: 1976)119] "Vie de Sainte Thomas Becket" was a forerunner in this field. It is also a forerunner in the hagiographical method of viewing the epic narrative structure as a means of presenting “myth truth,” in which the poet treated the subject as a “real” myth and served the myth by presenting it as accurately as possible. [Dembowski Peter F., "Literary Problems of Hagiography in Old French," in "Medievalia et Humanistica," (n.s. 7: 1976)120] This hagiographical attitude towards truth is in opposition to truth in the hagiographical works of the novelistic, romance structure, which adopts a preference towards “legend truth:” true in moral implications but not necessarily factually provable or historically correct. [Dembowski Peter F., "Literary Problems of Hagiography in Old French," in "Medievalia et Humanistica," (n.s. 7: 1976)120] "Vie de Sainte Thomas Becket" is seen to adopt a myth perspective towards truth because of Guernes’s preoccupation with accuracy. This preoccupation with accuracy is echoed into the 13th, 14th, and 15th centuries in poems by St. Francis of Assisi, and in poetic biographies of St. Anthony Padua. [Ford, J.D.M., "The Saints' Lives in the Vernacular Literature of the Middle Ages," in "Catholic Historical Review," (vol. 17: 1934)270]
"Vie de Sainte Thomas Becket" represents the forerunner in the hagiographical epic style because Guernes was one of the first to write about a contemporary, which freed him to focus on the historicity of his subject because he was already canonized; there was no need to overplay his saintliness. [O'Reilly, Jennifer L., "The Double Martyrdom of Thomas Becket: Hagiography or History?" in "Studies in Medieval and Renaissance History," (vol. 17, New York: AMS Press, 1985)185] Modern critics have obscured the hagiographical elements through their general approval of its historicity. [O'Reilly, Jennifer L., "The Double Martyrdom of Thomas Becket: Hagiography or History?" in "Studies in Medieval and Renaissance History," (vol. 17, New York: AMS Press, 1985)188]
Notes
Bibliography
Articles
*Ford, J.D.M., "The Saints' Lives in the Vernacular Literature of the Middle Ages," in "Catholic Historical Review," vol. 17: 1934
*Johnson Phyllis and Brigitte Cazelles, "Le vain siecle Guerpir: A Literary Approach to Sainthood Through Old French Hagiography of the Twelfth Century," in "North Carolina Studies in the Romance Languages and Literatures," no. 205, Spain:1979
*Dembowski Peter F., "Literary Problems of Hagiography in Old French," in "Medievalia et Humanistica," (n.s. 7: 1976)
*Peters, Timothy, "Elements of Chanson de Geste in an Old FrenchLife of Becket: Guernes's "Vie de Saint Thomas le Martyr, Olifant" 18,(1994):278-288
*Peters, Timothy, "An Ecclesiastical Epic: Garnier de Pont-Ste-Maxence's "Vie de Saint Thomas le Martyr, Mediaevistik," 7, (1996): 181-202
*Short, Ian, "An Early Draft of Guernes' "Vie de saint Thomas Beckett," in "Medium Aevum," vol. 46: 1977, pgs 20-34
*O'Reilly, Jennifer L., "The Double Martyrdom of Thomas Becket: Hagiography or History?" in "Studies in Medieval and Renaissance History," (vol. 17, New York: AMS Press, 1985)
Books
*Shirley, Janet, "Introduction to her translation,"Garnier's Becket," Phillimore and Co., LTD., London: 1975
*Staunton, Michael, "Thomas Becket and his Biographers," The Boydell Press, Woodbridge: 2006
*Staunton, Michael, "The Lives of Thomas Becket," Manchester University Press, Manchester: 2001
*Knowles, David, "The Episcopal Colleagues of Archbishop Thomas Becket," Cambridge University Press, Cambridge: 1951
External Links
English Translation of "Vie de Sainte Thomas Becket," by Janet Shirley [http://www.loyno.edu/~letchie/becket/texts/garnier.htm]
[Encyclopedia Britannica http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/248285/Guernes-de-Pont-Sainte-Maxence]
