Lucy Covington

Lucy Covington (born November 24, 1910) was an activist for Native American emancipation. [ Braukman, Stacy, and Susan Ware, eds. Notable American Women : A Biographical Dictionary: Completing the Twentieth Century. New York, NY: Harvard UP, 2005. Pg. 137] . She was a member of the Colville tribe which has a reservation in northwestern Washington State [ Wilkinson, Charles. Blood Struggle: The Rise of Modern Indian Nations. New York, NY: W. W. Norton and Co., 2005. Pg. 179-180.] . Also, she was the granddaughter of the last Colville chief (Chief Moses) to be acknowledged by the tribe [ Wilkinson, Charles. Blood Struggle: The Rise of Modern Indian Nations. New York, NY: W. W. Norton and Co., 2005. Pg. 180.] . In the 1950’s, termination became the governmental policy when dealing with Indians, and officials were describing the procedure as “Indian emancipation from oppressive supervision [ Braukman, Stacy, and Susan Ware, eds. Notable American Women : A Biographical Dictionary: Completing the Twentieth Century. New York, NY: Harvard UP, 2005. Pg. 137] .” However, the reality of the situation was much darker because termination would entail the loss of tribal land which was essential to Colville and Native American Identity [ Braukman, Stacy, and Susan Ware, eds. Notable American Women : A Biographical Dictionary: Completing the Twentieth Century. New York, NY: Harvard UP, 2005. Pg. 138] . When the termination bill for the Colville was proposed, Covington saw that her tribe was in danger of losing what she viewed as the Indian’s most vital asset [ Ackerman, Lillian A. A Necessary Balance : Gender and Power among Indians of the Columbia Plateau. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma P, 2003. ] . Through the use of self-determination she waged a war on the government and the termination bill [ Wilkinson, Charles. Blood Struggle: The Rise of Modern Indian Nations. New York, NY: W. W. Norton and Co., 2005. Pg. 181.] .

One problem Covington faced from the beginning of her struggle was the fact that many tribal members thought that termination would be “modern and productive [ Wilkinson, Charles. Blood Struggle: The Rise of Modern Indian Nations. New York, NY: W. W. Norton and Co., 2005. Pg. 180. ] .” She had been on the tribal council since 1956, and many other members favored termination [ Braukman, Stacy, and Susan Ware, eds. Notable American Women : A Biographical Dictionary: Completing the Twentieth Century. New York, NY: Harvard UP, 2005. Pg. 138 ] . Instead of giving in to governmental pressure, Covington went to great lengths to protect tribal lands. She sold some of her cattle (a vital component of her livelihood considering she lived on a ranch), and used the money to fund her repeated trips to Washington, D.C. where she fought to prevent Senator Henry Jackson of Washington from passing the termination bill [ Wilkinson, Charles. Blood Struggle: The Rise of Modern Indian Nations. New York, NY: W. W. Norton and Co., 2005. Pg. 179. ] . Also, Covington utilized unique methods and strategies to gain support for her cause. With her magnetic personality, she organized younger members in the tribe to assist in her efforts, and even helped create a Colville newspaper titled Our Heritage [ Braukman, Stacy, and Susan Ware, eds. Notable American Women : A Biographical Dictionary: Completing the Twentieth Century. New York, NY: Harvard UP, 2005. Pg. 138 ] . This helped raise awareness for her campaign and also stood as a dedication to Indian culture. Whenever a tribal council member would present an outline for termination to Congress, Covington protested, and in 1968, she created an anti-termination platform for the tribal election [ Wilkinson, Charles. Blood Struggle: The Rise of Modern Indian Nations. New York, NY: W. W. Norton and Co., 2005. Pg. 182. ] . She enlisted the help of the Menominee leader Jim White to speak to her tribe about the actual effects of termination, and after all of her lobbying, anti-termination advocates won a majority of the seats in the election [ Wilkinson, Charles. Blood Struggle: The Rise of Modern Indian Nations. New York, NY: W. W. Norton and Co., 2005. Pg. 182 ] .

Covington had successfully changed her tribal mindset, and the new council stamped out the termination bill for good in 1971 [ Braukman, Stacy, and Susan Ware, eds. Notable American Women : A Biographical Dictionary: Completing the Twentieth Century. New York, NY: Harvard UP, 2005. Pg. 138 ] . Through individual activism and determination, Covington helped keep Colville tribal sovereignty intact, and her persistence halted the liquidation and dismemberment of the Colville reservation.

After the termination struggle, Covington “worked with characteristic determination to protect tribal rights and resources, develop tribal services, govern the reservation for the benefit of tribe members, and promote intertribal cooperation [ Braukman, Stacy, and Susan Ware, eds. Notable American Women : A Biographical Dictionary: Completing the Twentieth Century. New York, NY: Harvard UP, 2005. Pg. 138 ] .” Not only was she an example of Native American self-determination in action, she was a founder of the movement itself, and her efforts (along with Ada Deer and other civil rights leaders) engendered a shift of U.S. policy from termination to independence and autonomy [ Braukman, Stacy, and Susan Ware, eds. Notable American Women : A Biographical Dictionary: Completing the Twentieth Century. New York, NY: Harvard UP, 2005. Pg. 138 ] . When she was seventy-one years old, Lucy Covington died of pulmonary fibrosis [ Braukman, Stacy, and Susan Ware, eds. Notable American Women : A Biographical Dictionary: Completing the Twentieth Century. New York, NY: Harvard UP, 2005. Pg. 138 ] .

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