- Stress measures
The most commonly used measure of stress is the Cauchy stress. However, several other measures of stress can be defined. Some such stress measures that are widely used in continuum mechanics, particularly in the computational context, are [J. Bonet and R. W. Wood, Nonlinear Continuum Mechanics for Finite Element Analysis, Cambridge University Press.] [ R. W. Ogden, 1984, Non-linear Elastic Deformations, Dover.]
#The Cauchy stress (oldsymbol{sigma}) or true stress.
#The Kirchhoff stress (oldsymbol{ au}).
#The Nominal stress (oldsymbol{N}) (which is the transpose of the first Piola-Kirchhoff stress (oldsymbol{P} = oldsymbol{N}^T).
#The second Piola-Kirchhoff stress or PK2 stress (oldsymbol{S}).
#The Biot stress (oldsymbol{T})Various stress measures
Consider the situation shown the following figure.The following definitions use the information in the figure. In the reference configuration Omega_0, the outward normal to a surface element dGamma_0 is mathbf{N} equiv mathbf{n}_0 and the traction acting on that surface is mathbf{t}_0 leading to a force vector dmathbf{f}_0. In the deformed configuration Omega, the surface element changes to dGamma with outward normal mathbf{n} and traction vector mathbf{t} leading to a force dmathbf{f}. Note that this surface can either be a hypothetical cut inside the body or an actual surface.
Cauchy stress
The Cauchy stress (or true stress) is a measure of the force acting on an element of area in the deformed configuration. This tensor is symmetric and is defined via:dmathbf{f} = mathbf{t}~dGamma = oldsymbol{sigma}^Tcdotmathbf{n}~dGammaor:mathbf{t} = oldsymbol{sigma}^Tcdotmathbf{n}where mathbf{t} is the traction and mathbf{n} is the normal to the surface on which the traction acts.
Kirchhoff stress
The quantity oldsymbol{ au} = J~oldsymbol{sigma} is called the Kirchhoff stress tensor and is used widely in numerical algorithms in metal plasticity (where thereis no change in volume during plastic deformation).
Nominal stress/First Piola-Kirchhoff stress
The nominal stress (oldsymbol{N}=oldsymbol{P}^T) is the transpose of the first Piola-Kirchhoff stress (PK1 stress) (oldsymbol{P}) and is defined via:dmathbf{f} = mathbf{t}_0~dGamma_0 = oldsymbol{N}^Tcdotmathbf{n}_0~dGamma_0 = oldsymbol{P}cdotmathbf{n}_0~dGamma_0or:mathbf{t}_0 = oldsymbol{N}^Tcdotmathbf{n}_0 = oldsymbol{P}cdotmathbf{n}_0This stress is unsymmetric and is a two point tensor like the deformation gradient. This is because it "relates the force in the deformed configuration to an oriented area vector in the reference configuration."
Second Piola-Kirchhoff stress
If we pull back dmathbf{f} to the reference configuration, we have:dmathbf{f}_0 = oldsymbol{F}^{-1}cdot dmathbf{f}or, :dmathbf{f}_0 = oldsymbol{F}^{-1}cdot oldsymbol{N}^Tcdotmathbf{n}_0~dGamma_0 = oldsymbol{F}^{-1}cdot mathbf{t}_0~dGamma_0
The PK2 stress (oldsymbol{S}) is symmetric and is defined via the relation:dmathbf{f}_0 = oldsymbol{S}^Tcdotmathbf{n}_0~dGamma_0 = oldsymbol{F}^{-1}cdot mathbf{t}_0~dGamma_0Therefore,:oldsymbol{S}^Tcdotmathbf{n}_0 = oldsymbol{F}^{-1}cdotmathbf{t}_0
Biot stress
The Biot stress is useful because it is energy conjugate to the right stretch tensor oldsymbol{U}. The Biot stress is defined as the symmetric part of the tensor oldsymbol{P}^Tcdotoldsymbol{R} where oldsymbol{R} is the rotation tensor obtained from a
polar decomposition of the deformation gradient. Therfore the Biot stress tensor is defined as:oldsymbol{T} = frac{1}{2}(oldsymbol{R}^Tcdotoldsymbol{P} + oldsymbol{P}^Tcdotoldsymbol{R}) ~. The Biot stress is also called the Jaumann stress.The quantity oldsymbol{T} does not have any physical interpretation. However, the unsymmetrized Biot stress has the interpretation:oldsymbol{R}^T~dmathbf{f} = (oldsymbol{P}^Tcdotoldsymbol{R})^Tcdotmathbf{n}_0~dGamma_0
Relations between stress measures
Relations between Cauchy stress and nominal stress
From Nanson's formula relating areas in the reference and deformed configurations::mathbf{n}~dGamma = J~oldsymbol{F}^{-T}cdotmathbf{n}_0~dGamma_0Now, :oldsymbol{sigma}^Tcdotmathbf{n}~dGamma = dmathbf{f} = oldsymbol{N}^Tcdotmathbf{n}_0~dGamma_0Hence,:oldsymbol{sigma}^Tcdot (J~oldsymbol{F}^{-T}cdotmathbf{n}_0~dGamma_0) = oldsymbol{N}^Tcdotmathbf{n}_0~dGamma_0or,:oldsymbol{N}^T = J~(oldsymbol{F}^{-1}cdotoldsymbol{sigma})^T = J~oldsymbol{sigma}cdotoldsymbol{F}^{-T}or,:oldsymbol{N} = J~oldsymbol{F}^{-1}cdotoldsymbol{sigma} qquad ext{and} qquad oldsymbol{N}^T = oldsymbol{P} = J~oldsymbol{sigma}cdotoldsymbol{F}^{-T}In index notation,:N_{ij} = J~F_{ik}^{-1}~sigma_{kj} qquad ext{and} qquad P_{ij} = J~sigma_{ik}~F^{-1}_{jk}Therefore,:J~oldsymbol{sigma} = oldsymbol{F}cdotoldsymbol{N} = oldsymbol{P}cdotoldsymbol{F}^T~.
Note that oldsymbol{N} and oldsymbol{P} are not symmetric because oldsymbol{F} is not symmetric.
Relations between nominal stress and second P-K stress
Recall that:oldsymbol{N}^Tcdotmathbf{n}_0~dGamma_0 = dmathbf{f} and:dmathbf{f} = oldsymbol{F}cdot dmathbf{f}_0 = oldsymbol{F} cdot (oldsymbol{S}^T cdot mathbf{n}_0~dGamma_0)Therefore,:oldsymbol{N}^Tcdotmathbf{n}_0 = oldsymbol{F}cdotoldsymbol{S}^Tcdotmathbf{n}_0or (using the symmetry of oldsymbol{S}),:oldsymbol{N} = oldsymbol{S}cdotoldsymbol{F}^T qquad ext{and} qquad oldsymbol{P} = oldsymbol{F}cdotoldsymbol{S}In index notation,:N_{ij} = S_{ik}~F_{jk} qquad ext{and} qquad P_{ij} = F_{ik}~S_{kj}Alternatively, we can write:oldsymbol{S} = oldsymbol{N}cdotoldsymbol{F}^{-T} qquad ext{and} qquad oldsymbol{S} = oldsymbol{F}^{-1}cdotoldsymbol{P}
Relations between Cauchy stress and second P-K stress
Recall that:oldsymbol{N} = J~oldsymbol{F}^{-1}cdotoldsymbol{sigma}In terms of the 2nd PK stress, we have:oldsymbol{S}cdotoldsymbol{F}^T = J~oldsymbol{F}^{-1}cdotoldsymbol{sigma}Therefore,:oldsymbol{S} = J~oldsymbol{F}^{-1}cdotoldsymbol{sigma}cdotoldsymbol{F}^{-T} = oldsymbol{F}^{-1}cdotoldsymbol{ au}cdotoldsymbol{F}^{-T}In index notation,:S_{ij} = F_{ik}^{-1}~ au_{kl}~F_{jl}^{-1}Since the Cauchy stress (and hence the Kirchhoff stress) is symmetric, the 2n PK stress is also symmetric.
Alternatively, we can write:oldsymbol{sigma} = J^{-1}~oldsymbol{F}cdotoldsymbol{S}cdotoldsymbol{F}^T or, :oldsymbol{ au} = oldsymbol{F}cdotoldsymbol{S}cdotoldsymbol{F}^T ~.
Clearly, from definition of the
push-forward andpull-back operations, we have:oldsymbol{S} = varphi^{*} [oldsymbol{ au}] = oldsymbol{F}^{-1}cdotoldsymbol{ au}cdotoldsymbol{F}^{-T}and :oldsymbol{ au} = varphi_{*} [oldsymbol{S}] = oldsymbol{F}cdotoldsymbol{S}cdotoldsymbol{F}^T~.Therefore, oldsymbol{S} is the pull back of oldsymbol{ au} by oldsymbol{F} and oldsymbol{ au} is the push forward of oldsymbol{S}.See also
*
Stress (physics) References
Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.