James Connolly

Infobox Military Person
name= James Connolly
_ga. Séamas Ó Conghaile
born = birth date|1868|6|5|df=y
died = death date and age|1916|5|12|1868|6|5|df=y
placeofbirth= Cowgate, Edinburgh, Scotland
placeofdeath= Kilmainham Jail, Dublin City, Ireland


allegiance= Irish Socialist Republican Party
Irish Republican Brotherhood
Irish Citizen Army
Socialist Party of Ireland (1910)
serviceyears= 1913 – 1916
rank= Commandant General

commands=
unit=
battles= Dublin Lockout
Easter Rising
awards=
laterwork=

James Connolly ( _ga. Séamas Ó Conghaile; 5 June 1868 – 12 May 1916) was an Irish socialist leader. He was born in the Cowgate area of Edinburgh, Scotland, to Irish immigrant parents. He left school for working life at the age of 11, but despite this he would become one of the leading Marxist theorists of his day. Though proud of his Irish background he also took a role in Scottish and American politics. He was shot by a British firing squad following his involvement in the Easter Rising of 1916.

Early life

James Connolly was born on 5 June 1868, at 107 Cowgate, Edinburgh. His parents, John and Mary Connolly, had emigrated to Edinburgh from County Monaghan in the 1850s. His father worked as a manure carter, removing dung from the streets at night, and his mother was a domestic servant who suffered from chronic bronchitis and died young from that ailment.

Anti-Irish feeling at the time was so bad that Irish people were forced to live in the slums of the Cowgate and the Grassmarket which became known as 'Little Ireland'. Overcrowding, poverty, disease, drunkenness and unemployment were rife -- the only jobs available were selling second-hand clothes and working as a porter or a carter. Later in life he listed his place of birth as "County Monaghan" in the 1901 and 1911 censuses. [Irish Times, 12 December 2007, p.17.]

James Connolly went to St Patricks School in the Cowgate, as did his two older brothers, Thomas and John. At ten years of age, James left school and got a job with Edinburgh's Evening News newspaper, where he worked as a 'Devil', cleaning inky rollers and fetching beer and food for the adult workers. His brother Thomas also worked with the same newspaper. In 1882, aged 14, he joined the British Army in which he remained for nearly seven years, all of it in Ireland, where he witnessed first hand the mistreatment of the Irish people at the hands of the British and the landlords. This led to Connolly forming an intense hatred of the British Army.

While serving in Ireland, he met his future wife, a Protestant named Lillie Reynolds. They were engaged in 1888 and the following year Connolly discharged himself from the British Army and went back to Scotland.

In 1889 while living in Dundee James first got involved in socialist politics joining the Socialist League while his older brother John was involved in a free speech campaign alongside the Social Democratic Federation and the local Trades Council.

In 1890, James Connolly and Lillie Reynolds were wed in Perth. In the spring of that year, they moved to Edinburgh and lived at 22 West Port. Their children included Roddy and Nora. James joined his father and brother working as a labourer and then as a manure carter with Edinburgh Corporation, on a strictly temporary and casual basis.

He became active in Socialist and trade union circles and became secretary of the Scottish Socialist Federation, almost by mistake. At the time his brother John was secretary; however, after John spoke at a rally in favour of the eight-hour day he was fired from his job with the corporation, so while he looked for work, James took over as secretary. During this time, Connolly became involved with the Independent Labour Party which Keir Hardie formed in 1893.

Sometime during this period, he took up the study of, and advocated the use of, the neutral international language, Esperanto. [ [http://esperanto.ie/english/connolly.htm James Connolly and Esperanto] ]

ocialist involvement

By 1892 he was involved in the Scottish Socialist Federation, acting as its secretary from 1895, but by 1896 he had gone to Dublin to take up the full time job of secretary of the Dublin Socialist Society, which at his instigation quickly evolved into the Irish Socialist Republican Party (ISRP). The ISRP is regarded by many Irish historians as a party of pivotal importance in the early history of Irish socialism and republicanism. While active as a socialist in Great Britain Connolly was the founding editor of "The Socialist" newspaper and was among the founders of the Socialist Labour Party which split from the Social Democratic Federation in 1903. While in America he was member of the Socialist Labor Party of America (1906), the Socialist Party of America (1909) and the Industrial Workers of the World, and founded the Irish Socialist Federation in New York, 1907. On his return to Ireland he was right hand man to James Larkin in the Irish Transport and General Workers Union. In 1913, in response to the Lockout, he, along with an ex-British officer, Jack White, founded the Irish Citizen Army (ICA), an armed and well-trained body of labour men whose aim was to defend workers and strikers, particularly from the frequent brutality of the Dublin Metropolitan Police. Though they only numbered about 250 at most, their goal soon became the establishment of an independent and socialist Irish nation. He founded the Irish Labour Party in 1912 and was a member of the National Executive of the Irish Labour Party.

Irish independence

Connolly stood aloof from the leadership of the Irish Volunteers. He considered them too bourgeois and unconcerned with Ireland's economic independence. In 1916, thinking they were merely posturing and unwilling to take decisive action against Britain, he attempted to goad them into action by threatening to send his small body against the British Empire alone, if necessary. This alarmed the members of the Irish Republican Brotherhood, who had already infiltrated the Volunteers and had plans for an insurrection that very year. In order to talk Connolly out of any such rash action, the IRB leaders, including Tom Clarke and Patrick Pearse, met with Connolly to see if an agreement could be reached. It has been said that he was kidnapped by them, but this has been denied of late, and must at some point come down to a matter of semantics. As it was, he disappeared for three days without telling anyone where he had been. During the meeting the IRB and the ICA agreed to act together at Easter of that year.

When the Easter Rising occurred on 24 April 1916, Connolly was Commandant of the Dublin Brigade, and as the Dublin Brigade had the most substantial role in the rising, he was "de facto" Commander in Chief. Following the surrender, he said to other prisoners: 'Don't worry. Those of us that signed the proclamation will be shot. But the rest of you will be set free.' Connolly was not actually held in jail, but in a room (now called the "Connolly Room") at the State Apartments in Dublin Castle, which had been converted to a First Aid station for British Troops recovering from the war.cite book|last= Costello|first= Peter |year= 1999|pages= p. 145|title= Dublin Castle, in the life of the Irish nation|publisher= Wolfhound Press|location= Dublin|id= ISBN 0-86327-610-5] He was taken to Royal Hospital Kilmainham, across the road from the jail and then taken to the jail to be executed by the British. Visited by his wife, and asking about public opinion, he commented 'They all forget that I am an Irishman'. He confessed his sins, said to be his first religious act since marriage.

He was so badly injured from the fighting (a doctor had already said he had no more than a day or two to live, but the execution order was still given) that he was unable to stand before the firing squad. His absolution and last rites were administered by a Capuchin, Father Aloysius. Asked to pray for the soldiers about to shoot him, he said: 'I will say a prayer for all men who do their duty according to their lights'.

Instead of being marched to the same spot where the others had been executed, at the far end of the execution yard, he was tied to a chair and then shot. The executions were not well received, even throughout Britain, and were drawing unwanted attention from the United States, which the British Government was trying to lure into the war in Europe. Asquith, the British PM, ordered that no more executions were to take place; an exception being that of Roger Casement as he had not yet been tried.

Family

James Connolly was survived by his wife Lillie and several children, of whom Nora became an influential writer and campaigner within the Republican movement as an adult, and Roddy continued his father's politics. In later years both became members of the Oireachtas (Irish parliament).

Death

Connolly was sentenced to death by firing squad for his part in the rising. On 12 May 1916 he was transported by military ambulance to Kilmainham Jail, carried to a prison courtyard on a stretcher, tied to a chair and shot. His body (along with those of the other rebels) was put in a mass grave without a coffin. The executions of the rebels deeply angered the majority of the Irish Population, most of whom had shown no support during the rebellion. It was Connolly's execution, however, that caused the most controversy. Historians have pointed to the actions of Connolly and similar rebels, as well as the manner of their execution as being factors that caused public awareness of their desires and goals, as well as gathering support for the movements that they had died fighting for.

Legacy

His legacy in Ireland is mainly due to his contribution to the republican cause and his Marxism has been largely overlooked by mainstream histories (although his legacy as a socialist has been claimed by the Communist Party of Ireland, Connolly Youth Movement, éirígí, the IRSP, the Labour Party, Sinn Féin, the Socialist Party, the Socialist Workers Party, the Workers' Party, the Scottish Socialist Party and a variety of other left-wing and left-republican groups). However, despite claims to the contrary, Connolly's writings show him to be first and foremost a Marxist thinker. In several of his works he rails against the bourgeois nationalism of those who claimed to be Irish patriots.Connolly was among the few European members of the Second International who opposed, outright, World War I. This put him at odds with most of the Labour leaders of Europe - but meant he was a co-thinker of those that would later come to call themselves communists, such as Lenin, Trotsky and Rosa Luxemburg. He was influenced by and heavily involved with the radical Industrial Workers of the World labour union.

Apparently, Lenin was a great admirer of Connolly, although the two never met. Lenin berated other communists, who had criticised the rebellion in Ireland as bourgeois. He maintained that no revolution was "pure", and communists would have to unite with other disaffected groups in order to overthrow existing social orders. He was to prove his point the next year, during the Russian Revolution.

In Scotland, Connolly's thinking was hugely influential to socialists such as John Maclean, who would similarly combine his leftist thinking with nationalist ideas when he formed his Scottish Workers Republican Party.

There is a statue of James Connolly in Dublin, outside Liberty Hall, the offices of the SIPTU Trade Union.

Dublin Connolly railway station, one of the two main railway stations in Dublin, is named in his honour.

Connolly Hospital, Blanchardstown, Dublin, is named in his honour.

In a 2002 poll conducted by the BBC of the 100 Greatest Britons, Connolly was voted the 64th greatest Briton of all time, ahead of other notable Britons such as David Lloyd George and Sir Walter Raleigh.

Personal religious beliefs

James Connolly's personal religious convictions are a matter of conjecture. He declared himself a Roman Catholic in the Dublin Census of 1911. [ [http://www.census.nationalarchives.ie/reels/nai000119513/ Census form for the Connolly household, 2 April 1911] ] In the only written record made by Connolly about his personal position in relation to Catholicism, he stated:

"Labour, Nationality and Religion":

An earlier work also published by the Irish Socialist Republican Party (ISRP), called "Socialism and Religion", where Connolly says of socialism:

Scott Herbert, however, called him a "devout Catholic". [ [http://www.socialismtoday.org/101/letter.html Socialism Today - Connolly & religion ] ] Father Aloysius in conversation to his daughter Nora:

Selected extracts from the personal recollections of Father Aloysius OFM Cap. [ [http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/easterrising/witnesses/personalrecollections.rtf Personal Recollections of Fr. Aloysius OFM Cap.] ]

cquote|Monday 1 May

Early in the morning the son of Superintendent Dunne (DMP) a subdeacon, called to me and said that Father Murphy, the military chaplain, had sent him to ask if I could call to the Castle during the afternoon. James Connolly, who was a prisoner and a patient there, had expressed a wish to see me. I called, and saw Father Murphy. He told me that he had arranged for the necessary permissions. With Captain Stanley, RAMC, I went to the ward. At the door the sentry challenged Captain Stanley and informed him he had orders to allow no one to see the prisoner without special instructions. Captain Stanley was obliged to return for his permit. The sentry asked me if I were Father Aloysius and, on my replying in the affirmative said: 'You can go in.' However, as the nurses were engaged with Connolly, I delayed outside until they had finished and Captain Stanley had returned.

I entered with Captain Stanley, but I remarked that two soldiers with rifles and bayonets were on guard and showed no intention of leaving. I point out this to Captain Stanley, but he said it was necessary that they should remain; that he had no power to remove them. Then I said: 'If that is so I cannot do my work as a priest. I have never before, to my knowledge spoken to James Connolly. I cannot say if he may not be hard of hearing. Confession is an important and sacred duty that demands privacy and I cannot go on with it in the presence of these men.' I had given my word that I would not utilise the opportunity for carrying political information or as a cover for political designs, and if my word was not sufficient or reliable they had better get some other priest. But I felt quite confident I would have my way.

cquote|Tuesday 2nd

In the morning I gave Holy Communion to James Connolly. Later in the day I went with Father Augustine to Headquarters, Infirmary Road and met General (Sir John) Maxwell....

When I reached Kilmainham Gaol I was informed that Thomas MacDonagh also wished for my ministrations. I was taken to the prisoners' cells and spent some hours between the two. "You will be glad to know that I gave Holy Communion to James Connolly this morning," I said to Pearse when I met him. "Thank God," he replied, "it is the one thing I was anxious about."

cquote|Thursday afternoon

Called to the Castle to see Connolly. Connolly had not slept and seemed feverish. I said that I would let him rest and would called in morning to give him Holy Communion. Uneasy about him I tried to get contact with Captain Stanley, but he could not be found. Reached Castle gates, and, still uneasy, decided to return and make another attempt to see Stanley. Saw him and was assured that there was no danger of any steps being taken; he reminded me that Asquith had given to understand that no executions would take place pending debate which was on that night. Got back to Church Street some time near 7 pm. About 9 pm Captain Stanley called and told me that my services would be required about 2 am. He was not at liberty to say more but I could understand.

cquote|Friday Morning, 12th

About 1 am car called and Father Sebastian accompanied me to Castle. Heard Connolly's confession and gave him Holy Communion. Waited in Castle Yard while he was being given a meal. He was brought down and laid on stretcher in ambulance. Father Sebastian and myself drove with him to Kilmainham. Stood behind firing party during the execution. Father Eugene McCarthy, who had attended Sean MacDermott before we arrived, remained and anointed Connolly immediately after the shooting.

Three months after James Connolly's execution his wife Lillie ("née" Lillie Reynolds, a domestic servant from Co Wicklow) was received into the Catholic Church, at Church St. on 15 August. [ [http://www.gonebutnotforgotten.ie/1916/fiona-connolly.htm Gone But Not Forgotten - Fiona Connolly ] ] .

Whilst in the United States where he had joined the Socialist Labour Party in 1903, he clashed with party leader Daniel De Leon, who called Connolly, amongst other things, a "Jesuit spy." [ [http://www.socialistparty.net/pub/pages/viewspring06/9.htm Socialist View (Spring 2006) - The Real Ideas of James Connolly ] ]

A film about the life of James Connolly was announced for 2007 (later 2008), with Peter Mullan in the lead role and Adrian Dunbar as director; as of 6 July 2007 the IMDb listing had not been updated since 22 May 2007.

Connolly (the author of many rebel songs and editor of a small collection of them) himself became the subject of many songs after his death, including the song "James Connolly" by the Irish American rock band Black 47.

Further reading

*Connolly, James. 1987. "Collected Works" (Two volumes). Dublin: New Books.
*Connolly, James. "The Lost Writings" (ed. Aindrias Ó Cathasaigh), London: Pluto Press ISBN 0-7453-1296-9
*Connolly, James. 1973. "Selected Political Writings" (eds. Owen Dudley Edwards & Bernard Ransom), London: Jonathan Cape
*Connolly, James. 1973. "Selected Writings" (ed. P. Berresford Ellis), various editions
*Connolly, James. 1948. "Socialism and Nationalism: A Selection from the Writings of James Connolly" (ed. Desmond Ryan), Dublin: Sign of the Three Candles.

*Allen, Kieran. 1990. "The Politics of James Connolly", London: Pluto Press ISBN 0-7453-0473-7
*Anderson, W.K. 1994. "James Connolly and the Irish Left". Dublin: Irish Academic Press. ISBN 0-7165-2522-4.
*Fox, R.M. 1943. "The History of the Irish Citizen Army". Dublin: James Duffy & Co.
*Fox, R.M. 1946. "James Connolly: the forerunner". Tralee: The Kerryman.
*Greaves, C. Desmond. 1972. "The Life and Times of James Connolly". London: Lawrence & Wishart. ISBN 0-85315-234-9.
*Kostick, Conor & Collins, Lorcan. 2000. "The Easter Rising". Dublin: O'Brien Press ISBN 0-86278-638-X
*Levenson S. "James Connolly A Biography". Martin Brian and O'Keeffe Ltd., London, 1973. ISBN 0-85616-130-6.
*Lynch, David. 2006. "Radical Politics in Modern Ireland: A History of the Irish Socialist Republican Party (ISRP) 1896-1904". Dublin: Irish Academic Press. ISBN 0-7165-3356-1.
*Morgan, Austen. 1988. James Connolly: A Political Biography, Manchester: Manchester University Press ISBN 0-7190-2519-2
*Nevin, Donal. 2005. "James Connolly: A Full Life". Dublin: Gill & MacMillan. ISBN 0-7171-3911-5.
*Ó Cathasaigh, Aindrias. 1996. "An Modh Conghaileach: Cuid sóisialachais Shéamais Uí Chonghaile". Dublin: Coiscéim.
*Ransom, Bernard. 1980. "Connolly's Marxism", London: Pluto Press. ISBN 0-861-04308-1.
*Strauss, Eric. 1973. "Irish Nationalism and British Democracy", Westport CT: Greenwood. ISBN 0-837-18046-5
*cite book
last = Townshend
first = Charles
authorlink =
coauthors =
editor =
others =
title = Easter 1916: the Irish rebellion
origdate =
origyear =
origmonth =
url =
format =
accessdate =
accessyear =
accessmonth =
edition =
date =
year = 2005
month =
publisher = Allen Lane
location = London
language =
id = ISBN 0-7139-9690-0
doi =
pages = xxi, 442p
chapter =
chapterurl =
quote =

References

External links

* [http://www.marxists.org/archive/connolly/index.htm James Connolly Internet Archive]
* [http://www.socialistparty.net/pub/pages/viewspring06/9.htm The Real Ideas of James Connolly]
* [http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=4276 James Connolly's Gravesite]
* [http://www.iww.org/en/node/900 IWW's Memorial Page for James Connolly]
* [http://www.1916rising.com/ 1916 Walking Tour Site]
* [http://www.wageslave.org/jcs/analysis/relevance_of_connolly.html "The Relevance Of James Connolly in Ireland Today" by George Gilmore]
* [http://irsm.org/history/jc&irishfreedom.html "James Connolly & Irish Freedom: A Marxist Analysis" by G. Schuller]
* [http://www.geocities.com/socialistparty/Documents/Connolly.htm "BBC online poll: James Connolly voted onto 100 'Greatest' people"] by Niall Mulholland (CWI), 31 August 2002
* [http://www.rascal-films.com/projects.html Film biopic of Connolly underway]
* [http://www.icl-fi.org/english/wh/195/connolly.html James Connolly -- A Marxist appreciation (Spartacist League Dayschool)]
* [http://unitedireland.tripod.com/id15.html Lyrics chords video and tab to James Connolly]