Sadak in Search of the Waters of Oblivion

"Sadak in Search of the Waters of Oblivion" is an 1812 oil painting by John Martin. It has been called "The most famous of the British romantic works...;" [Michael Jacobs and Paul Stirton, "The Knopf Traveler's Guides to Art: Great Britain and Ireland", New York, Alfred A. Knopf, 1984; p. 27.] it was the first of Martin's characteristically dramatic, grand, grandiose large pictures, and anchored the development of the style for which Martin would become famous.

The painting shows a tiny human figure climbing in a mountain landscape. The man struggles to surmount a rocky outcrop beside a pool and waterfall; more jagged cliffs and peaks loom in the background, vastly receding.

Martin later stated that he finished the work in a month. And he wrote, "You may easily guess my anxiety when I overheard the men who were to place it in the frame disputing as to which was the top of the picture! Hope almost forsook me, for much depended on this work." [Quoted in his Obituary, in "The Gentleman's Magazine", April 1854, p. 434.] (At the time, Martin had left his £2-per-week job as a glass painter in a china factory, and was attempting to establish himself as an independent artist.)

The artist's anxiety was unnecessary; displayed in the Royal Academy exhibition at Somerset House, the picture was a popular success. It was purchased for fifty guineas by William Manning, a member of the board of governors of the Bank of England. Reportedly, the Manning's "dying son had been moved by its depiction of the slight solitary figure clinging perilously to a ledge." [Christopher John Murray, "The Encyclopedia of Romantic Art, 1760–1850", New York, Taylor & Francis, 2004; p. 976.]

"What makes the work so remarkable is its persuasive combination of science and fantasy: while the scale seems beyond terrestrial experience, the attention given to geological and meteorological phenomena is that of the knowledgeable observer." [Albert Boime, "Art in the Age of Bonapartism, 1800–1815", Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1990; p. 123.] Critics who accept the conventions of Romanticism in art have appreciated Martin's "Sadak"; those who do not have regarded the picture as lurid or puzzling.

Sadak is a fictional character in a story in James Ridley's "Tales of the Genii" (two volumes, 1764); it is a "faux"-Oriental tale allegedly from a Persian manuscript, but actually the work of Ridley himself. [Murray, p. 977.] In Ridley's story, the hero Sadak is sent by his Sultan, Amurath, to find the memory-destroying "waters of oblivion." The Sultan maliciously intends to use the waters on Sadak's wife Kalasrade in a seduction attempt. Sadak endures a range of trials — a tempest at sea, a plague, evil genii, a subterranean whirlpool — before he attains his goal. In the end, the Sultan himself falls victim to the water's effect. Amurath dies; Sadak becomes Sultan. Martin's picture portrays Sadak at the climax of his struggle, just before he reaches the waters of oblivion.

(Ridley's tale was popular in its era, and was adapted into a play by Thomas John Dibdin, titled "Sadak and Kalasrade", which was staged in 1797. [William Davenport Adams, "A Dictionary of the Drama", Vol. 1, Philadelphia, J. P. Lippincott, 1904; p. 399.] Henry Bishop mounted an operatic version in 1814.)

The picture was reproduced as a steel-plate etching in 1828. The print bore a poem on the same subject, "Sadak the Wanderer," which was attributed by some to Percy Bysshe Shelley. Modern editors of Shelley are skeptical. [Donald H. Reiman and Neil Fraistat, eds., "The Complete Poetry of Percy Bysshe Shelley", Vol. 1, Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000; pp. 460-68.]

With this and his subsequent paintings, Martin gained a reputation for replicating the effects of stained glass on canvas. [Mikhail Yampolsky, "Transparency Painting: From Myth to Theater," in: "Tekstura: Russian Essays on Visual Culture," Alla Efimova and Lev Manovich, eds., Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1993; p. 139.] He employed a strong "chemical red" hue to express volcanic landscapes. [Yampolsky, p. 140.]

For many years the painting was known only in a reduced version in the Southampton Art Gallery. The full-size original was discovered in Sweden and acquired by the Saint Louis Art Museum in 1983. ["Recent Acquisitions at The Saint Louis Art Museum: Supplement," "The Burlington Magazine", Vol. 130 No. 1018 (January 1988), pp. 63-7.]

Martin followed "Sadak" with "Adam's First Sight of Eve" (1813) and "Clytie" (1814), both shown at the Royal Academy.

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