- Hatred
Hatred or hate is a word that describes intense feelings of dislike. It can be used in a wide variety of contexts, from hatred of inanimate objects to hatred of other people.
Philosopher s have offered many influential definitions of hatred.Rene Descartes viewed hate as an awareness that something is bad, combined with an urge to withdraw from it.Baruch Spinoza defined hate as a type of pain that is due to an external cause.Aristotle viewed hate as a desire for the annihilation of an object that is incurable by time. Finally,David Hume believed that hate is an irreducible feeling that is not definable at all. [Royzman, E. B., McCauley, C. & Rozin, P. (2005). From Plato to Putnam: Four ways to think about hate. In "The Psychology of Hate" by Sternberg, R. (Ed.).]In
psychology ,Sigmund Freud defined hate as an ego state that wishes to destroy the source of its unhappiness [Freud, S. (1915). The instincts and their vicissitudes.] . In a more contemporary definition, the "Penguin Dictionary of Psychology" defines hate as a "deep, enduring, intense emotion expressing animosity, anger, and hostility towards a person, group, or object." [Reber, A.S., & Reber, E. (2002). "The Penguin dictionary of psychology". New York: Penguin Books.] Because hatred is believed to be long-lasting, many psychologists consider it to be more of an attitude or disposition than a (temporary) emotional state (see rage).References
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