- Injunctive mood
The injunctive mood was a mood in
Sanskrit characterized by secondary endings but no augment, and usually looked like an augmentlessaorist orimperfect . It typically stood in a main clause and had asubjunctive orimperative meaning; for example, it could indicate intention, e.g. "unicode|índrasya nú vīryā̀ṇi prá vocam" "Indra's heroic deeds will/shall I now declaim" (Beekes 1995). It was obligatory for use in prohibitions, where it follows "mā́". In laterClassical Sanskrit , only the use after "mā" remained (there were no accents in Classical Sanskrit).Ancient Greek has words that are formally similar to the Sanskrit injunctive mood, consisting of aorist and imperfect forms lacking the augment. However, in this case there is no difference in meaning between these forms and the normal augmented forms. These are normally used inHomeric Greek and inepic poetry (Epic Greek ).It is generally assumed that the augment was originally a separate participle meaning something like "then", added to indicate the past time of a form that was once mostly aspectual, and neutral with respect to tense. Originally, its use appears to have been optional, added as necessary to clear up an otherwise ambiguous expression, similarly to time adverbs in Chinese. Gradually, it fused onto the verb form and became mandatory, but in the early stages of Greek and Sanskrit this change was not yet complete, and hence augmentless forms existed side-by-side with augmented forms. The modal semantics of the augmentless forms may then be a later development within
Indo-Iranian or Indo-Aryan. It's also possible that the modal semantics developed in the parent language and later developments in Pre-Greek removed them and put back the basic meaning of the aorist and imperative, by analogy. (This hypothesis, however, contradictsOccam's Razor .)
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