Hurricane Ekeka (1992)

Infobox Hurricane
Name= Hurricane Ekeka
Type= hurricane
Year= 1992
Basin=EPac
Formed=January 28, 1992
Dissipated=February 9, 1992
1-min winds=100
Pressure=985
Pressurepre=≤
Image location= Hurricane Ekeka (1992).jpg


Da

Fatalities=None reported
Areas=Marshall Islands, Chuuk
Hurricane season= 1992 Pacific hurricane season
1992 Pacific typhoon season

Hurricane Ekeka (international designation: "9202", [cite web|author=Hong Kong Observatory|year=1994|title=Tropical Cyclones in 1992|accessdate=2008-09-20|url=http://www.hko.gov.hk/publica/tc/tc1992.pdf|format=PDF] JTWC designation: "01C")cite web|author=Mundell|year=1993|title=Tropical Storm Ekeka (01C)|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|accessdate=2008-09-20|format=PDF|url=https://metocph.nmci.navy.mil/jtwc/atcr/1992atcr/pdf/cep/01c.pdf] was an unusual Pacific tropical cyclone that attained major hurricane status during the month of February. The first storm of the 1992 Pacific hurricane season, Ekeka developed on January 28 well to the south of Hawaii, further south than any other Pacific hurricane. It gradually intensified to reach major hurricane status on February 2, although it subsequently began to weaken due to unfavorable wind shear. It crossed the International Date Line as a weakened tropical storm, and shortly thereafter degraded to tropical depression status. Ekeka continued westward, passing through the Marshall Islands and later over Chuuk, before dissipating on February 9 about 310 miles (500 km) off the north coast of Papua New Guinea. The storm did not cause any significant damage or deaths.

Meteorological history

During the El Niño of 1991–92, as typical with other such events, the monsoon trough extended into the central north Pacific Ocean, which is the body of water between the International Date Line and 140ºW. At the same time, sea surface temperatures near the equator were anomalously warm, and wind shear values were low. [cite web|author=Kevin R. Kodama & Steven Businger|year=1998|title=Weather and Forecasting Challenges in the Pacific Region of the National Weather Service|publisher=American Meteorological Society|accessdate=2008-09-20|url=http://ams.allenpress.com/archive/1520-0434/13/3/pdf/i1520-0434-13-3-523.pdf|format=PDF] At the end of January, a large area of convection persisted for several days near the north side of the equator. By January 23, several ships reported squalls and strong southwesterly winds in the region.cite web|author=Central Pacific Hurricane Center|year=1992|title=The 1992 Central Pacific Tropical Cyclone Season|accessdate=2008-09-20|url=http://www.prh.noaa.gov/cphc/summaries/1992.php] The Central Pacific Hurricane Center (CPHC) began monitoring the system on January 26, while it was located about 950 miles (1530 km) south of Ka Lae, the southernmost point in Hawaii.cite web|author=Hurricane Research Division|year=2008|title=Eastern North Pacific Tracks File 1949-2007|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=2008-09-20|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/tracks1949to2007_epa.txt|format=TXT] The disturbance organized further as it tracked westward, and on January 28 it developed into Tropical Depression One-C, located a short distance north of Kiritimati and east of Tabuaeran.

With favorable conditions, the depression quickly intensified into a tropical storm; upon doing so, it was named "Ekeka" by the CPHC, which is Hawaiian for Edgar. Ekeka continued gradually intensifying while moving slowly west-northwestward, and it attain hurricane status on January 30 about 100 miles (160 km) northwest of Palmyra Atoll. On February 2, the hurricane attained peak winds of 115 mph (185 km/h), making Ekeka a major hurricane, or Category 3 hurricane on the Saffir-Simpson scale. Subsequently, it began to weaken due to increased wind shear, and concurrently its forward motion increased as the subtropical ridge strengthened to the north of the hurricane. A large trough in the Westerlies increased the wind shear, which weakened Ekeka to a tropical storm early on February 3. Later that day, it crossed the International Date Line into the western Pacific Ocean; the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) assessed the storm's winds at 50 mph (85 km/h), while the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) estimated winds at 60 mph (95 km/h). At the time, the JMA assessed the pressure as 985 mbar, which is the lowest known minimum central pressure associated with the storm;cite web|url=http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/jma-eng/jma-center/rsmc-hp-pub-eg/Besttracks/bst9195.txt|title=RSMC Best Track Data (Text) 1991-1995|author=RSMC Tokyo-Typhoon Center Japan Meteorological Agency|publisher=Government of Japan|format=TXT|accessdate=2008-09-20] the CPHC did not include pressure in their year-end report.

Tropical Storm Ekeka continued weakening, degrading to tropical depression status by February 4. The depression moved quickly through the Marshall Islands, and on February 6 turned to the west-southwest. On February 8, the JMA declared Ekeka dissipated; however, the JTWC continued monitoring the system, with Ekeka passing over Chuuk as a weak depression. Early on February 9, the JTWC declared Ekeka dissipated about 800 miles (1300 km) east-southeast of Palau, or about 310 miles (500 km) off the north coast of Papua New Guinea.

Impact and records

No deaths were reported in association with Ekeka. The storm passed through the Marshall Islands without causing significant impact. When Ekeka hit the island of Chuuk, winds of 20 mph (32 km/h) were reported.

Hurricane Ekeka set or broke several records for its location and unseasonable formation. It formed at 4.5ºN, which was the southernmost location for any Eastern Pacific tropical cyclone. It attained tropical storm status further south than any other in the Pacific basin, doing so at 5.2ºN. Ekeka broke the record for reaching hurricane status at the southernmost latitude, doing so at 6.0ºN, and also became a major hurricane further south than any other in the basin, doing so at 9.2ºN. While in the central Pacific Ocean, Ekeka became one of only three tropical cyclones on record to be located within the Palmyra Atoll Exclusive Economic Zone; Ekeka was the only hurricane within the area. [cite web|author=Rusty Brainard, et al.|year=2005|title=The State of Coral Reef Ecosystems of the U.S. Pacific Remote Island Areas|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|accessdate=2008-09-20|url=http://ccma.nos.noaa.gov/ecosystems/coralreef/coral_report_2005/PRIAs_Ch12_C.pdf|format=PDF]

Ekeka is most unusual for its formation in January. Tropical cyclones rarely form east of the International Date Line outside of the tropical cyclone season, which starts May 15 in the eastern Pacific and June 1 in the central Pacific, and which ends on November 30 in both regions.cite web|publisher=Central Pacific Hurricane Center|work=FAQ|title=Tropical Cyclone Climatology|url=http://www.prh.noaa.gov/cphc/pages/FAQ/Climatology.php|accessdate=2007-11-25] In the official Pacific hurricane database, Ekeka was the only tropical cyclone on record to occur in January or February within the Pacific Ocean east of the International Date Line; as such, it was also the earliest cyclone on record within the basin.

Despite the unusual nature of the storm, the name was not retired; it remains on the tropical cyclone naming list for the CPHC, though due to inactivity within the basin, the name may not be re-used for several years.

See also

*List of Pacific hurricanes

References