Kholop

Kholops ( _ru. Холопы) were feudally dependent people in Russia between the 10th and early 18th centuries. Their legal status was close to that of slaves.

The word "kholop" was first mentioned in a chronicle for the year of 986. Its etymology is unclear. By one hypothesis, the word is cognate with Slavic words translated as "boy" (more specifically, adolescent male; modern Russian: хлопец ("khlopets"), Polish: "chlopak"), which actually matches the usage of the English word boy as "servant". The Serbian word "glupak" and the Bulgarian word глупак ("glupak") have the meaning of "simpleton, fool, blockhead". The Slavic word itself is derived from the hypothetical root "*chol" related to premarital state, unmarriedness, inability for reproduction. By another hypothesis, it is derived from a Germanic root, also present in the English "help".

The "Russkaya Pravda," a legal code of the late Kievan Rus, details the status and types of "kholops" of the time.

In the 11th - 12th centuries, the term referred to different categories of dependent people and especially slaves. A "kholop"’s master had unlimited power over his life, e.g., he could kill him, sell him, or pay his way out of debt with him. The master, however, was responsible for a "kholop"’s actions, such as insulting a freeman or stealing. A person could become a "kholop" as a result of capture, selling oneself, being sold for debts, after having committed crimes, or through marriage to a "kholop". Until the late 15th century, the "kholops" represented a majority among the servants, who had been working lordly lands. Some "kholops", mainly house serfs, replenished the ranks of the princely servants (including those in the military) or engaged themselves in trades, farming, or administrative activities. Throughout the 16th century, the "kholops"’ role in the corvée economy had been diminishing due to the increasing involvement of peasant exploitation ("see Russian serfdom"). At the turn of the 16th century, the service class "kholops" (служилое холопство, "sluzhiloye kholopstvo") began to emerge and spread across the country. In the late 17th century, there were also "kholops" "chained" to their land (посаженные на землю, "posazhenniye na zemlyu"), who took care of their own household and had to pay quitrent. Those "kholops", who had been house serfs, were subject to poll tax in 1722-1724 and were thereafter treated as ordinary serfs.