King of Egypt and the Sudan

King of Egypt and the Sudan

King of Egypt and the Sudan (Lang-ar|ملك مصر و السودان / "Malik Misr wal Sudan") was the title used by the Egyptian monarch from 19 October 1951 until the abolition of the monarchy on 18 June 1953.

In October 1951, Wafdist Prime Minister Mustafa el-Nahhas introduced, and the Egyptian Parliament approved, decrees abrogating unilaterally the Anglo-Egyptian Treaty of 1936 and changing Farouk I's title from "King of Egypt" to "King of Egypt and the Sudan". The move was intended to further Egypt's claims over the Sudan, an Anglo-Egyptian condominium since 1899. [cite web | title = Egypt: On the Threshold of Revolution, 1945-52 | work = Country Studies | publisher = Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress | date = December 1990 | url = http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+eg0041) | accessdate = 2008-08-23]

The title had long been used by Egyptian nationalists to emphasize their desire for the unity of the Nile Valley. For instance, expatriate Egyptian students in France greeted Farouk I during his 1937 tour of Europe by proclaiming "Long live the King of Egypt and Sudan". [cite journal | last = Rizk | first = Yunan Labib | title = The making of a king | journal = Al-Ahram Weekly | issue = 762 | date = 29 September - 5 October 2005 | url = http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2005/762/chrncls.htm | accessdate = 2008-08-24] A Member of Parliament is also reported to have cried out "Long live His Majesty, King of Egypt and Sudan!" during Farouk I's coronation ceremony. [cite journal | last = Rizk | first = Yunan Labib | title = Crowning moment | journal = Al-Ahram Weekly | issue = 753 | date = 28 July - 3 August 2005 | url = http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2005/753/chrncls.htm | accessdate = 2008-08-24] However, the title had no legal standing prior to 1951, and Farouk I was officially "Sovereign of the Sudan" (not King) until the Wafdist government's decision to change his title. [cite journal | title = Boy Scout into Field Marshal | journal = Time | pages = p. 3 | date = 9 August 1937 | url = http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,758080-3,00.html | accessdate = 2008-08-24] The title "King of the Sudan" was merely ceremonial, as the Egyptian King did not exercise effective control over Sudan, which was administered by the United Kingdom. The British objected to the title and did not recognize it, claiming that Egypt needed to respect the Sudanese people's right to self-determination. [cite journal | last = Youssef | first = Hassan | title = Before the fall | journal = Al-Ahram Weekly | issue = 576 | date = 7 - 13 March 2002 | url = http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2002/576/sc52_1.htm | accessdate = 2008-08-24] Many other countries also refused to recognize Farouk I as "King of the Sudan", notably the United States, [cite journal | title = Farouk's Realm Limited; U.S. Does Not Recognize Him as King of the Sudan | journal = The New York Times | pages = p. 3 | date = 17 November 1951 | url = http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F40B11FC395912718DDDAE0994D9415B8189F1D3 | accessdate = 2008-08-24] as well as the Vatican. [cite journal | title = Vatican Disputes Cairo; Denies Having Agreed to Accept Envoy of "King of the Sudan" | journal = The New York Times | pages = p. 4 | date = 1 December 1951 | url = http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F20C15F73C551A7B93C3A91789D95F458585F9 | accessdate = 2008-08-24]

The only other monarch to officially use the title "King of Egypt and the Sudan" besides Farouk I was his infant son Fouad II. The title was used very briefly, as the Egyptian monarchy was abolished on 18 June 1953. Despite its short-lived existence, the title was used as an overprint on numerous Egyptian postage stamps. Many of the currently surviving stamps featuring Farouk I's portrait thus bear the Arabic inscription "King of Egypt and the Sudan". [cite web | title = 1952 Overprints | publisher = Snap Dragon Portal | url = http://www.snap-dragon.com/egypt_1949-1952.htm | accessdate = 2008-08-24]

ee also

*King of Egypt
*List of rulers of Egypt
*History of Sudan under Muhammad Ali and his successors

References

s-ttl|title=Style of the Egyptian sovereign
years=1951 – 1953


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