Papal election, 1119

The papal election from January 29 to February 2, 1119 was, by an order of magnitude, the smallest papal election of the 12th century currently considered legitimate by the Roman Catholic Church.

Pope Gelasius II had died in Cluny having been expelled from Rome by Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor, as a result of the Investiture Controversy. Probably only two cardinal bishops, four cardinal priests and four cardinal deacons participated in the election. The election took place in Cluny Abbey in France, while the rest of the College of Cardinals remained in Rome. A Guy de Bourgogne, the Archbishop of Vienne, was elected Pope Callixtus II, and crowned in Vienne on February 9; Callixtus II reached Rome on June 3, 1120. [S. Miranda [http://www.fiu.edu/~mirandas/conclave-xii.htm#1119 Election of 1119] ]

Cardinal electors

Probably ten cardinals took part in the election [S. Miranda [http://www.fiu.edu/~mirandas/conclave-xii.htm#1119 Election of 1119] indicates that only six cardinals (two priests and four deacons) participated. However, his list (taken from A. Ciacconio "Vitae et res gestae Pontificum Romanorum et S. R. E. Cardinalium", which follows "Liber pontificalis") is probably incomplete. The charter from Abbey of Cluny and the Norman chronicler Ordericus Vitalis mention additional cardinals, which are included in the table (Stroll, 2004, p. 58-59 and 61-62). I.S. Robinson, (1990), "The Papacy 1073-1198: Continuity and Innovation", p. 66-67 indicates that "Liber Pontificalis" is not very reliable source for the papal elections in the 1st half of 12th century because its author Pandulph had written these accounts for the polemic purposes during the schism of Antipope Anacletus II (1130-1138). Pandulph was adherent of Anacletus II, who was elected by the cardinals of lower orders against the will of the majority of Cardinal-bishops, who according to In Nomine Domini were the sole electors of the pope. For this reason, Pandulph in his accounts of the papal elections tried to eliminate cardinal-bishops from the circle of the electors.] .

Proceeding

The cardinals attending the death mass of Gelasius II in Cluny in late January 1119 were divided over whether his successor should be elected on the spot (as was permitted by "In Nomine Domini") or whether they should return to Rome and hold the election with the full College of Cardinals; although the cardinals proceeded with the election immediately, they agreed that they would submit their choice to the entire College thereafter.Stroll, 2004, p. 58.] The cardinals which accompanied Gleasius II to Cluny are known from "Liber Pontificalis" associated with "Pandulphus" (either Pandulf of Pisa or Pandolfo Masca of Pisa), from the charter from Cluny, and from the chronicle of Ordericus Vitalis.

Although the contemporary accounts diverge on many points, it is clear across them that the two candidates that emerged were Guy and Pontius of Cluny, both named as candidates by the late pontiff.Stroll, 2004, p. 59.] The account of Gaufrid, prior of Vigois, relates that Gelasius II had preferred Pontius and predicted his election; Pontius was a far more conciliatory candidate, likely to negotiate a solution to the Investiture Controversy. Two accounts in particular—those of Bernard of Carrion and Gaufrid of Vigois—detail the election of Guy, emphasizing the importance of his known confrontational stance towards Henry V (having previously excommunicated him) and his powerful family, the Salian dynasty.

Aftermath

At the time of his election, Guy was in the company of his militia, which began rioting when it learned of his election, breaking into the election chamber and violently disrobing him, according to the "Historia Compostellana". [Stroll, 2004, p. 64.]

Callixtus II proceeded to Sutri, the location of his opponent, Antipope Gregory VIII, appointed by Henry V, and laid siege to the city for eight days until Gregory VIII was handed over to him; Callixtus then imprisoned Gregory VIII in the Septizodium, from which the papal claimant was moved from monastery to monastery before his death in 1137. [S. Miranda [http://www.fiu.edu/~mirandas/conclave-xii.htm#1118A Election of antipope Gregory VIII] ]

ee also

*Bernard of Clairvaux

Notes

References

*Stroll, Mary. 2004. " [http://www.google.it/books?id=i-lIhdrikjMC&hl=pl Calixtus II (1119-1124): A Pope Born to Rule] ". BRILL. ISBN 9004139877.