Techniscope

Techniscope or 2-Perf is a 35mm motion picture camera film format introduced by Technicolor Italia in 1963. [Konigsberg, Ira (1987). "The Complete Film Dictionary" Meridian / NAL Books p.372. ISBN 0-452-00980-4] The Techniscope format uses a two film-perforation negative pulldown per frame, instead of the standard four-perforation frame usually exposed in 35mm film photography. Techniscope's 2.33:1 aspect ratio is easily cropped to the 2.35:1 widescreen ratio, [NOTE: In 1970, the SMPTE revised the 2.35:1 aspect ratio to 2.39:1 (now known as 2.40:1), however, before standardization, most Techniscope films were photographed and released in the 2.35:1 aspect ratio ] because it uses half the amount of 35mm film stock "and" standard spherical lenses. Thus, Techniscope release prints are made by anamorphosizing and enlarging each frame by a factor of two.

Techniscope vs. anamorphic: advantages and disadvantages

Techniscope's advantages over anamorphic CinemaScope are:

* More economical: half the film stock used in 4-perforation frame cinematography; half the stock, same running time, less negative to develop.
* Cinematography requires simpler, but technically superior, spherical lenses.
* Film stock loads last twice as long; 2-perf stock shoots at 45fpm (24fps), while 4-perf stock shoots at 90fpm.
* (may be seen aesthetically as either an advantage or disadvantage:) The circle of confusion of Techniscope is circular (due to its spherical lenses), whereas that of CinemaScope is elliptical (due to its anamorphic lenses).

Techniscope's disadvantages against CinemaScope:

* Enlarging the image to the 35mm print also enlarges the negative's film grain. (Although some cineastes sought this visual feel for the story; e.g. westerns photographed to appear unpolished, thereby enhancing the period settings' verisimilitude.) This step is also an additional production expense. If the enlargement process is done optically, the generation loss will add even more grain and reduce the image sharpness. Alternatively, the enlargement can be done as part of the Digital Intermediate (DI) process. This involves digitally scanning the 2 perf film negative. Output to film is done with a film recorder, such as the Arrilaser.

*Two-perforation cameras and telecine installations are rare. (Note: As of early 2008 Aaton is coming out with their newly-designed 2 perf-native (3 perf user-switchable) Penelope camera. Konvas cameras have been available in 2 perf for a while, and Arri is making 2 perf gates for their Arricams soon, available only through the rental dealers though. And more and more telecine suites have 2 perf gates for their film scanners.

* The narrower frame line (between frames) emphasises imperfections (i.e. hairs in the gate, lens flares).

Note: When transferring a Techniscope film to a digital video format, the 2-perf negative or 2-perf interpositive A/B rolls can be used, bypassing any blown-up 4-perf element. Many DVD editions have been transferred this way and the results have frequently been stunning, ie. Blue Underground's, "The Bird with the Crystal Plumage" and MGM's special editions of Sergio Leone's Westerns.

pecifications

* Film: 35mm film running vertically using two perforations per frame, running at 24 frames per second.
* Film area: .868" (22 mm) x .373" (9.47 mm)
* Film aspect ratio: 2.33:1
* Print aspect ratio 2.35:1 (2.39:1 after 1970 SMPTE revision)

Techniscope's commercial revival

In 1999, in Australia, MovieLab film laboratory owner Kelvin Crumplin revived the Techniscope format renamed as MultiVision 235, attempting to commercialise it as a cinematography format alternative to the Super 16mm format. His proposition was that it yielded a 35mm-quality image (from which could be derived natural 2.35:1 and 1.85:1 aspect ratio images) for the same cost as Super 16mm cinematography.

Mr Crumplin established MovieLab to provide telecine and film processing and printing services, and, with engineer Bruce McNaughton of The Aranda Group, Victoria, Australia, engineered and produced Arriflex BL1 and Arriflex IIC 35mm cameras for the Techniscope 2-perf format.Holben, Jay & Bankston, Douglas (February 2000). "Inventive New Options for Film" "American Cinematographer Magazine" Vol. 81, No. 2, pp.96-107.]

Aaton, Panavision, and Arriflex have modern 2-perf cameras either available now or soon to be released (12/2007). Aranda in Australia is also currently converting older cameras like Arriflex 2A/B/C's.

Techniscope-photographed films: a partial list

During its primary reign, 1960–1980, more than 350 films were photographed in Techniscope; "The Pharaoh's Woman" (released 10 December 1960) was the first. [imdb title|id=0055296|title=The Pharaoh's Woman—retrieved 2007-03-19] Given its considerable production cost economy, but lesser image quality, Techniscope was primarily an alternative format used by low-budget cineastes, mainly in the horror and western genres. Since it originated in Italy, most Techniscope format films were Italian, generally European. In the U.S., Techniscope, again, was mainly the format of low-budget studios, e.g. New World Pictures, yet Universal Studios briefly used it in the mid- to late 1960s.

Apropos diminished image quality, film reviewer Roger Ebert wrote about the film "Counterpoint" (1968): "The movie is shot in Techniscope, a process designed to give a wide-screen picture while saving film and avoiding payment of royalties to the patented processes like Panavision. In this film, as in "The Secret War of Harry Frigg", Techniscope causes washed-out color and a loss of detail. Universal shouldn't be so cheap." [ [http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/19680723/REVIEWS/807230301/1023 Roger Ebert, Chicago Sun-Times review for "Counterpoint"] ]

Some Techniscope films:
* "Death Drums Along the River" (1963)
* "Coast of Skeletons" (1964)
* "Curse of the Mummy's Tomb" (1964)
* "A Fistful of Dollars" (1964)
* "Robinson Crusoe on Mars" (1964)
* "Arizona Raiders" (1965)
* "Deadwood '76" (1965)
* "Dr. Terror's House of Horrors" (1965)
* "For a Few Dollars More" (1965)
* "Pop Gear" (1965)
* "The IPCRESS File" (1965)
* "The Appaloosa" (1966)
* "Arizona Colt" (1966)
* "Beau Geste" (1966)
* "Deadlier Than the Male" (1966)
* "The Ghost and Mr. Chicken" (1966)
* "The Good, the Bad and the Ugly" (1966)
* "Nashville Rebel" (1966)
* "Kiss Kiss... Bang Bang" (1966)
* "Thunderbirds Are GO" (1966)
* "Gunfight in Abilene" (1967)
* "Tobruk" (1967)
* "Arizona Bushwhackers" (1968)
* "Counterpoint" (1968)
* "Once Upon a Time in the West" (1968)
* "The Secret War of Harry Frigg" (1968)
* "Thunderbird 6" (1968)
* "The Bird with the Crystal Plumage" (1970)
* "Five Bloody Graves" (1970)
* "Blue Water, White Death" (1971)
* "Brotherhood of Satan, The" (1971)
* "THX 1138" (1971)
* "Two-Lane Blacktop" (1971)
* "Blood of Ghastly Horror" (1972)
* "American Graffiti" (1973)
* "Dead People" (1973)
* "Amici miei" (1975)
* "Death Machines" (1976)
* "The Bees" (1978)
* "The Beyond" (1981)
* "Titanic" (1997) (the underwater scenes)

ee also

* List of film formats
* Negative pulldown

References

External links

* [http://imdb.com/SearchTechnical?PCS:Techniscope Internet Movie Database (IMDb) list of Techniscope films]
* http://www.widescreenmuseum.com/widescreen/wingts1.htm
* [http://www.widescreenmuseum.com/widescreen/whywidefilm-oct1930.htm Early proposal for 2-perf]
* [http://www.cinematography.net/Pages%20DW/2-perf_35mm.htm CML discussion of 2-perf]
* [http://www.aaton.com/news/index.php?nid=9 Aaton's announcement of a new 2-perf camera]
* [http://www.2perf.arandafilm.com.au/ 2 PERFORATION CAMERA CONVERSIONS by the ARANDA GROUP Melbourne]