Florida arrowroot

Florida arrowroot was the commercial name of an edible starch extracted from "Zamia integrifolia" (coontie), a small cycad native to North America.

Use

Like other cycads, "Zamia integrifolia" is poisonous, producing a toxin that affects the gastrointestinal tract and nervous system. The toxin can however be removed by careful leaching, and the roots and half-buried stems of this cycad were used by Native American people (notably the Tequesta and Mayaimi Indians, the Seminole Indians and the Maroons) to produce this starch. The root is typically prepared by grinding (macerating) it using a wooden mortar and pestle. The pulp is then saturated in water and drained. The drained fluid is allowed to dryFact|date=August 2008 and the resulting yellowish powder is used in the preparation of various foods. In commercial production, multiple macerations achieved a whiter color.

Commercial production of the starch (using roots gathered from wild plants) occurred in southern Florida from the 1830s until the 1920s. The starch was sold as Florida arrowroot [cite book
last=Lounsberry
first=Alice
coauthors=Ellis Rowan, Marian Ellis Ryan Rowan
year=1901
title=Southern Wild Flowers and Trees: Together with Shrubs, Vines and Various Forms of Growth Found Through the Mountains, the Middle District and the Low Country of the South
publisher=Frederick A. Stokes Company
location=New York
language=
isbn=0-394-49638-8
pages=570 , page 1. Note: this source identifies the species as "Zamia pumila", which is very similar to "Z. integrifolia" but does not occur in Florida, thus the cycad in question would have been "Z. integrifolia".] until the Food and Drug Administration banned the practice in 1925. The last commercial "coontie starch" factory in Florida was destroyed by the 1926 Miami Hurricane. [Taylor, Jean. (1986) "Villages of South Dade". St. Petersburg, Florida: Byron Kennedy and Company. ISBN 0-041072-12-6 P. 48.]

Etymology

The reference to arrowroot, a well known and high quality starch, was a marketing ploy. Because of this use, "Zamia integrifolia" is sometimes known as Florida arrowroot.

References