Withania somnifera

Taxobox
name = Withania somnifera


image_width =
image_caption =
regnum = Plantae
subregnum = Tracheobionta
divisio = Magnoliophyta
classis = Magnoliopsida
subclassis = Asteridae
ordo = Solanales
familia = Solanaceae
genus = "Withania"
species = "W. somnifera"
binomial = "Withania somnifera"
binomial_authority = (L.) Dunal [ cite web|url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?102407 |title=Withania somnifera information from NPGS/GRIN |accessdate=2008-02-16 ]
synonyms ="Physalis somnifera"

"Withania somnifera", also known as Ashwagandha, Indian ginseng, Winter cherry, Ajagandha, Kanaje Hindi and Samm Al Ferakh, is a plant in "Solanaceae" or nightshade family.

Description

It grows as a stout shrub that reaches a height of 170cm. Like the tomato which belongs to the same family, yellow flowers and red fruit, though its fruit is berry-like in size and shape. Ashwagandha grows prolifically in India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and Bangladesh. It is commercially cultivated in Madhya Pradesh (a province in India).

Medicinal use

In Ayurveda ashwaganda is considered a rasayana herb, which works on a nonspecific basis to increase health and longevity. This herb is also considered an adaptogen which is a nontoxic herb that works on a nonspecific basis to normalize physiological function, working on the HPA axis and the neuroendocrine system. The roots and berries of the plant are used in herbal medicine. In Ayurveda, the fresh roots are sometimes boiled in milk, prior to drying, in order to leach out undesirable constituents. The berries are used as a substitute for rennet, to coagulate milk in cheese making.

"Ashwagandha" in Sanskrit means "horse's smell", probably originating from the odor of its root which resembles that of sweaty horse. [http://www.ayurvediccure.com/ashwagandha.htm] The species name "somnifera" means "sleep-making" in Latin, indicating that to it are attributed sedating properties, but it has been also used for sexual vitality and as an adaptogen. Some herbalists refer to ashwagandha as Indian ginseng, since it is used in ayurvedic medicine in a way similar to that ginseng is used in traditional Chinese medicine.

Seven American and four Japanese firms have filed for grant of patents on formulations containing extracts of the herb Ashwagandha. Fruits, leaves and seeds of the Indian medicinal plant withania somnifera have been traditionally used for the Ayurvedic system as aphrodisiacs, diuretics and for treating memory loss. The Japanese patent applications are related to the use of the herb as a skin ointment and for promoting reproductive fertility. The U.S based company Natreon has also obtained a patent for an Ashwagandha extract.

Another US establishment, the New England Deaconess Hospital, has taken a patent on an Ashwagandha formulation claimed to alleviate symptoms associated with arthritis. [ [http://www.hvk.org/articles/0501/69.html Ashwagandha next on patent hunters list] ,"Hindu Vivek Kendra" archive of the "Times of India" May 16, 2001] .

The product called "ashwagandha oil" is a combination of ashwagandha with almond oil and rose water designed to be used as a facial toner, therefore should not be consumed.

Active constituents

All chemicals listed pertain to the root unless otherwise specified, as the root is the part used.

Anaferine (alkaloid), anahygrine (alkaloid), beta-sisterol, chlorogenic acid (in leaf only), cysteine (in fruit), cuscohygrine (alkaloid), iron, pseudotropine (alkaloid), scopoletin, somniferinine (alkaloid), somniferiene (alkaloid), tropanol (alkaloid), withaferin A (steroidal lactone), withanine (alkaloid), withananine (alkaloid) and withanolides A-Y(steroidal lactones).

The main constituents of "ashwagandha" are alkaloids and steroidal lactones. Among the various alkaloids, withanine is the main constituent. The other alkaloids are somniferine, somnine, somniferinine, withananine, pseudo-withanine, tropine, pseudo-tropine, 3-a-gloyloxytropane, choline, cuscohygrine, isopelletierine, anaferine and anahydrine. Two acyl steryl glucoside viz. sitoindoside VII and sitoindoside VIII have been isolated from root.The leaves contain steroidal lactones, which are commonly called withanolides. The withanolides have C28 steroidal nucleus with C9 side chain, having six membered lactone ring.

Pharmacological effects

Ashwagandha is reported to have anti-carcinogenic effects in animal and cell cultures by decreasing the expression of nuclear factor-kappaB, suppressing intercellular tumor necrosis factor, and potentiating apoptotic signalling in cancerous cell lines. [Ichikawa H, Takada Y, Shishodia S, Jayaprakasam B, Nair MG, Aggarwal BB. “Withanolides potentiate apoptosis, inhibit invasion, and abolish osteoclastogenesis through suppression of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) activation and NF-kappaB-regulated gene expression.” Molecular Cancer Therapeutics 2006 Jun;5(6):1434-45. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16818501 PMID: 16818501] ]

ide effects

*Slight nausea affect
*impaired sight

Other species

There are over 20 other species of the "Withania" genus that occur in the dry parts of India, North Africa, Middle East, and the Mediterranean. These include "Withania coagulens" and "Withania simonii", the roots of which are sometimes used interchangeably with those of "Withania somnifera".

"Withania somnifera" itself has been extensively domesticated from the wild form. In India, at least five different cultivars have been developed for increased root size and adaptation to different climates.

External links

* [http://images.google.com/images?as_q=%22Withania+somnifera%22&num=20&btnG=Google+Search&imgsafe=active "Withania somnifera" Photos (Google Images)]
* [http://www.amrutaherbals.com/specifications/Ashwagandha/detail.htm Monograph By Dr Ajay Padmawar]

References