Volkswagen Schwimmwagen

Infobox Automobile


name=Volkswagen Type 166 'Schwimmwagen'
manufacturer=Volkswagen
parent_company=
production=15,000 (1942-1944)
assembly=
predecessor=
successor=
class=
body_style=
platform=
layout=
engine=4-cyl. boxer, air cooled
1,131 cc, 25 hp @ 3,000 rpm
related=
similar=
transmission=4-speed manual
2-speed transfer case;
4WD only on 1st gear / reverse
wheelbase= convert|200|cm|in|1|abbr=on
length=convert|382.5|cm|in|1|abbr=on
width=convert|148|cm|in|1|abbr=on
height=convert|161.5|cm|in|1|abbr=on
ground_clearance=convert|25|cm|in|1|abbr=on
weight=910 kg (1,345 kg GVW)
top_speed=convert|80|km/h|mi/h|1|abbr=on (convert|10|km/h|mi/h|1|abbr=on on water)
fuel_economy=
fuel_capacity=Convert|50|L|usgal impgal|1|abbr=on
related = VW type 86 & 87
similar = Ford GPA 'Seep'The VW Type 128 and 166 Schwimmwagen (literally "Floating / Swimming Car") were amphibious all-wheel-drive off-roaders, used extensively by the German Wehrmacht and the Waffen-SS during the Second World War.
The Type 166 is the most mass-produced amphibious "car" in history, and arguably the most capable light military wheeled off-roader in World War II.

Development

Volkswagen Schwimmwagens used the engine and mechanicals of the VW Type 86 four-wheel drive prototype of the Kübelwagen and the Type 87 four-wheel drive 'Kübel/Beetle' Command Car, which in turn were based on the platform of the civilian Volkswagen Beetle. However, Erwin Komenda, Ferdinand Porsche's first car body designer, was forced to develop an all new unitized bodytub structure, since the utterly flat floorpan chassis of the existing VW vehicles was totally unsuited to smooth movement through water. Komenda patented his ideas for the swimming car at the German Patent office.

The earliest Type 128 prototype was based on the full-length Kübelwagen chassis with a 240 cm (7.9 ft) wheelbase. Pre-production units of the 128, fitted with custom welded bodytubs, demonstrated that this construction was too weak for tough off-roading, had insufficient torsional rigidity, and easily suffered hull-ruptures at the front cross-member, as well as in the wheel-wells. This was obviously unacceptable for an amphibious vehicle. The large-scale production models (Type 166) were therefore made smaller, and had a wheel-base of only 200 cm (6.6 ft).

VW Schwimmwagens were both produced by the Volkswagen factory at Fallersleben / Wolfsburg, as well as by Porsche's facilities in Stuttgart; with the bodies (or rather hulls) produced by Ambi Budd in Berlin. From 1941 through 1944 a total of 15,584 Type 166 Schwimmwagen cars were produced; 14,276 at Fallersleben and 1,308 by Porsche. Only 133 are known to remain today, and only 13 have survived without restoration work. [http://www.vw166.com/registry/] Given these numbers, the VW 166 is the most mass-produced amphibious "car" in history.

Technology

All Schwimmwagen were four wheel drive only on first gear (and reverse gears with some models) and had ZF self-locking differentials on both front and rear axles. Just like the Kübelwagen, this heavy-duty 4x4 off-roader had portal gear rear hubs that gave better ground clearance, while at the same time reducing drive-line torque stresses with their gear reduction at the wheels.

When crossing water a screw propeller could be lowered down from the rear deck engine cover. When in place a simple coupling provided drive straight from an extension of the engine's crankshaft. This meant that screw propulsion was only available going forward. For reversing in the water there was the choice of using the standard equipment paddle or running the land drive in reverse, allowing the wheel-rotation to take the vehicle back ever so slowly. The front wheels doubled up as rudders, so steering was done with the steering wheel both on land and on water.

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Literature

René Pohl: "Mit dem Auto baden gehen." HEEL Verlag, Gut-Pottscheidt Konigswinter 1998, ISBN 3-89365-702-9

External links

* [http://www.lonesentry.com/articles/schwimmwagen/index.html U.S. Intelligence report on German Schwimmwagen]
* [http://www.vw166.com/ The VW-Schwimmwagen Registry]
* [http://www.schwimmwagen.de Schwimmwagen enthusiast site]
* [http://www.williammaloney.com/Aviation/CanadianWarMuseum/GermanArmor/index_2.htm Schwimmwagen ] Photos of the Schwimmwagen at the Canada War Museum in Ottawa
* [http://www.schwimmwagen.co.uk UK Schwimmwagen owners site]

ee also

*FMC XR311
*FN Herstal AS 24
*M151 MUTT