Carnyx

The Carnyx was a wind instrument of the Iron Age Celts, attested for ca. 300 BC to 200 AD. It is a kind of bronze trumpet, held vertically, the mouth styled in the shape of a boar's head. It was used in warfare, probably to incite troops to battle and intimidate opponents. The instrument's upright carriage allowed its notes to carry over the heads of the participants in battles and ceremonies.

Evidence for the carnyx

Depiction in sculpture

The instrument is known from depictions, on coins, and notably from the initiation scene of the Gundestrup cauldron.

Literature

The name is known from textual sources, carnyces are reported from the Celtic attack on the Delphi in 279 BC, as well as from Julius Caesar's campaign in Gaul and Claudius' invasion of Britain. Diodorus Siculus around 60-30 BCE said (Histories, 5.30)::"Their trumpets again are of a peculiar barbarian kind; they blow into them and produce a harsh sound which suits the tumult of war"

Archaeology

A well preserved example is the Deskford Carnyx, found on the shores of the Moray Firth, Aberdeenshire, Scotland in 1816. Until 2004, fragments of only four other carnyces had been preserved, but in November 2004 archaeologists discovered a first century BCE foundation deposit of five well preserved carnyxes under a Gallo-Roman fanum at Tintignac (Corrèze, France). Four had boar's heads, the fifth appears to be a serpent.

Carnyx in other cultures

The carnyx was not used by Celts exclusively; its use is attested for Dacia and several are illustrated on Trajan's column as booty resulting from the Dacian Wars. It was perhaps common all over Iron Age Europe.

It was adopted by the Greeks, also under the name "Carnyx" (κάρνυξ), and was equivalent to the Roman lituus trumpet.

Modern day use

The reconstruction of the Deskford Carnyx was initiated by Dr. John Purser, and commenced in 1991 funded jointly by the Glenfiddich Living Scotland award and the National Museums of Scotland. In addition to John Purser as musicologist, the team comprised the archaeologist Fraser Hunter, silversmith John Creed, and trombonist John Kenny. After 2,000 years of silence the reconstructed Deskford Carnyx was unveiled at the National Museum of Scotland in April 1993.

In 1993 John Kenny became the first person to play the carnyx for 2,000 years, and has since lectured and performed on the instrument internationally, in the concert hall, and on radio, television, and film. There are now numerous compositions for the carnyx, and it features on seven CDs, and on March 15 2003 he performed solo to an audience of 65,000 in the Stade De France, Paris.

External links

* [http://en.citizendium.org/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_music "Ancient Celtic music"] in the "Citizendium"
* [http://www.carnyxscotland.co.uk/ Carnyx and co. Carnyx music] .
* [http://www.cyberscotia.com/ancient-lothian/index.html The Carnyx. Music prehistory] .
* [http://www.shamrockirishmusic.org/id15.html The Shamrock Traditional Irish Music Society] .
* [http://www.limousin.culture.gouv.fr/pageshtmlsitedrac/decouvertearcheotintignac.htm Tintignac discoveries] (in French, with photos)
* [http://www.expatica.com/source/site_article.asp?subchannel_id=58&story_id=14434&name=France+trumpets+discovery+of+Gallic+war+trophies News story about Tintignac]
*Carnyx on a [http://www.kernunnos.com/culture/warriors/trophiesAV.jpe gold stater] of Caesar and on a [http://www.kernunnos.com/culture/warriors/gallia.jpe silver denarius] , both from 48 BCE
*The carnyx is featured in several battle scenes of the film, "Druids."