Krzysztof Kieślowski

Infobox actor
bgcolour = silver


name = Krzysztof Kieślowski
birthdate = birth date|1941|6|27|mf=y
location = Warsaw, Poland
deathdate = death date and age|1996|3|13|1941|6|27|mf=y
deathplace = Warsaw, Poland
academyawards = Nominated: Best Original Screenplay
1994 ""
spouse = Maria Cautillo (1967-1996)

Audio|Pl-Krzysztof_Kieślowski.ogg|Krzysztof Kieślowski (June 27, 1941 – March 13, 1996 ) was an influential Oscar-nominated Polish film director and screenwriter, known internationally for his film cycles "Three Colors" and "The Decalogue".

Early life

Kieślowski was born in Warsaw and grew up in several small towns, moving wherever his engineer father, a tuberculosis patient, could find treatment. At sixteen, he briefly attended a firemen's training school, but dropped out after three months. Without any career goals, he then entered the College for Theatre Technicians in Warsaw in 1957 because it was run by a relative. He decided to become a theatre director, but at the time there was no specific training program for directors, so he chose to study film as an intermediate step.

Leaving college and working as a theatrical tailor, Kieślowski applied to the Łódź Film School, the famed Polish film school that also produced Roman Polański and Andrzej Wajda. He was rejected twice. To avoid compulsory military service during this time, he briefly became an art student, and also went on a drastic diet in an attempt to make himself medically unfit for service. After several months of successfully avoiding the draft, he was accepted to the Łódź Film School on his third attempt.

He attended from 1964 to 1968, during a period in which the government allowed a relatively high degree of artistic freedom at the school. Kieślowski quickly lost his interest in theatre and decided to make documentary films. Kieslowski also married his lifelong love, Maria (Marysia) Cautillo, during his final year in school (m. January 21, 1967 to his death), and they had a daughter, Marta (b. January 8, 1972).

Documentaries

Kieślowski's early documentaries focused on the everyday lives of city dwellers, workers, and soldiers. Though he was not an overtly political filmmaker, he soon found that attempting to depict Polish life accurately brought him into conflict with the authorities. His television film "Workers '71", which showed workers discussing the reasons for the mass strikes of 1970, was only shown in a drastically censored form.

After "Workers '71", he turned his eye on the authorities themselves in "Curriculum Vitae", a film that combined documentary footage of Politburo meetings with a fictional story about a man under scrutiny by the officials. Though Kieślowski believed the film's message was anti-authoritarian, he was criticized by his colleagues for cooperating with the government in its production.

Kieślowski later said that he abandoned documentary filmmaking due to two experiences: the censorship of "Workers '71", which caused him to doubt whether truth could be told literally under an authoritarian regime, and an incident during the filming of "Station" (1981) in which some of his footage was nearly used as evidence in a criminal case. He decided that fiction not only allowed more artistic freedom, but could portray everyday life more truthfully.

Polish feature films

His first non-documentary feature, "Personnel" (1975), was made for television and won him first prize at the Mannheim Film Festival. Both "Personnel" and his next feature, "The Scar", were works of social realism with large casts: "Personnel" was about technicians working on a stage production, based on his early college experience, and "The Scar" showed the upheaval of a small town by a poorly-planned industrial project. These films were shot in a documentary style with many nonprofessional actors; like his earlier films, they portrayed everyday life under the weight of a flawed system, but without overt commentary.

"Camera Buff" (1979) (which won the grand prize at the Moscow International Film Festival) and "Blind Chance" (1981) continued along similar lines, but focused more on the ethical choices faced by a single character rather than a community. During this period, Kieślowski was considered part of a loose movement with other Polish directors of the time, including Janusz Kijowski, Andrzej Wajda, and Agnieszka Holland, called the Cinema of Moral Anxiety. His links with these directors (Holland in particular) caused some raised eyebrows within the Polish government, and each of his early films was subjected to censorship and enforced re-shooting/re-editing, if not banned outright ("Blind Chance" was not released domestically until 1987, almost six years after it was completed).

"No End" (1984) was perhaps his most clearly political film, depicting political trials in Poland during martial law, from the unusual point of view of a lawyer's ghost and his widow. It was harshly criticized by both the government and dissidents. Starting with "No End", Kieślowski's career was closely associated with two regular collaborators, the screenwriter Krzysztof Piesiewicz and the composer Zbigniew Preisner. Piesiewicz was a trial lawyer whom Kieślowski met while researching political trials under martial law for a planned documentary on the subject; Piesiewicz co-wrote the screenplays for all of Kieślowski's subsequent films. Preisner provided the musical score for "No End" and most of the subsequent films; the score often plays a prominent part in Kieślowski's films and many of Preisner's pieces are referred to within the films themselves. In these cases, they are usually discussed by the films' characters as being the work of the (fictional) Dutch composer Van den Budenmayer.

"The Decalogue" (1988), a series of ten short films set in a Warsaw tower block, each nominally based on one of the Ten Commandments, was created for Polish television with funding from West Germany; it is now one of the most critically acclaimed film cycles of all time. Co-written by Kieślowski and Piesiewicz, the ten one-hour-long episodes had originally been intended for ten different directors, but Kieślowski found himself unable to relinquish control over the project; in the end, each episode featured a different director of photography. Episodes five and six were also filmed in longer feature-length versions, and released internationally as "A Short Film About Killing" and "A Short Film About Love" respectively. Kieślowski had also planned to shoot a full-length version of Episode 9 under the title "A Short Film About Jealousy", but exhaustion eventually prevented him from making what would have been his thirteenth film in less than a year.

Foreign productions

Kieślowski's last four films were foreign co-productions, made mainly with money from France and in particular producer Marin Karmitz. These focused on moral and metaphysical issues along similar lines to "The Decalogue" and "Blind Chance" but on a more abstract level, with smaller casts, more internal stories, and less interest in communities. Poland appeared in these films mostly through the eyes of European outsiders. The four films were his most commercially successful by some distance.

The first of these was "La double vie de Véronique (The Double Life of Véronique)" (1990), starring Irène Jacob. The relative commercial success of this film allowed Kieślowski the opportunity to raise the funding for his ambitious final films, the trilogy "Three Colors" (', ', ""), which explores the virtues symbolized by the French flag. Three Colors is his most acclaimed work next to "The Decalogue" and his first international commercial successes. The three films together garnered a host of prestigious international awards, including the Golden Lion for Best Film and Silver Lion for Best Director at the Venice Film Festival, and the Silver Bear for Best Director at the Berlin Film Festival, in addition to winning three Academy Award nominations. The Trilogy is generally regarded as a major achievement in modern cinema.

Death and legacy

Krzysztof Kieślowski died aged 54 on March 13, 1996, during open-heart surgery following a heart attack, and was interred in Powązki Cemetery in Warsaw. His grave is located within the prestigious plot 23 and has a sculpture of the thumb and forefingers of two hands forming an oblong space—the classic view as if through a movie camera. The small sculpture is in black marble on a pedestal slightly over a meter tall. The slab with Kieślowski's name and dates lies below. He was survived by his wife Maria and daughter Marta.

Years after his death, he remains one of Europe's most influential directors, his works included in the study of film classes at universities throughout the world. The 1993 book "Kieślowski on Kieślowski" describes his life and work in his own words, based on interviews by Danusia Stok. He is also the subject of a biographical film, "Krzysztof Kieślowski: I'm So-So" (1995), directed by Krzysztof Wierzbicki.

After Kieslowski's death Harvey Weinstein - then head of Miramax Films (which distributed the last four Kieslowski films in the US) wrote a eulogy for him in Premiere magazine. In it he said that Quentin Tarantino saw "The Double Life of Veronique" at the Cannes Film Festival and was not only blown away by the film, but fell in love with its star, Irene Jacob. He apparently wrote the part of Bruce Willis' wife in "Pulp Fiction" for her, but she was unavailable for the shoot. She was working on Kieslowski's "Three Colors: Red" at the time. According to the same article, Tarantino saw "Red" at Cannes and declared that it would win the Palme d'Or. Instead his own "Pulp Fiction" received the top prize at the festival.

Though he had claimed to be retiring after "Three Colors", at the time of his death Kieślowski was working on a new trilogy co-written with Piesiewicz, consisting of "Heaven", "Hell", and "Purgatory" and inspired by Dante's "The Divine Comedy". As was originally intended for the "Decalogue", the scripts were ostensibly intended to be given to other directors for filming, but Kieślowski's untimely death means it is unknown whether he might have broken his self-imposed retirement to direct the trilogy himself. The only completed screenplay, "Heaven", was filmed by Tom Tykwer and released in 2002 at the Toronto International Film Festival. The other two scripts existed only as thirty-page treatments at the time of Kieślowski's death; Piesiewicz has since completed these screenplays, with "Hell" — directed by Bosnian director Danis Tanović and starring Emmanuelle Béart — released in 2005, and the third part released as "Nadzieja" in 2007.

The Polish actor-director Jerzy Stuhr, who starred in several Kieślowski films and co-wrote the script for "Camera Buff", filmed his own adaptation of an unfilmed Kieślowski script as "Big Animal" ("Duże zwierzę") in 2000.

Kieslowski said the following in an interview:

It comes from a deep-rooted conviction that if there is anything worthwhile doing for the sake of culture, then it is touching on subject matters and situations which link people, and not those that divide people. There are too many things in the world which divide people, such as religion, politics, history, and nationalism. If culture is capable of anything, then it is finding that which unites us all. And there are so many things which unite people. It doesn't matter who you are or who I am, if your tooth aches or mine, it's still the same pain. Feelings are what link people together, because the word 'love' has the same meaning for everybody. Or 'fear', or 'suffering'. We all fear the same way and the same things. And we all love in the same way. That's why I tell about these things, because in all other things I immediately find division. [http://www.musicolog.com/kieslowski_manycolours.asp Kieślowski in Interview "Kieslowski's Many Colours by Patrick Abrahamson, Oxford University Student newspaper, June 2, 1995"]

Kubrick on Kieslowski

Stanley Kubrick wrote the foreword to Kieslowski & Piesiewicz, "Decalogue: The Ten Commandments", London: Faber & Faber, 1991

Cquote|I am always reluctant to single out some particular feature of the work of a major filmmaker because it tends inevitably to simplify and reduce the work. But in this book of screenplays by Krzysztof Kieslowski and his co-author, Krzysztof Piesiewicz, it should not be out of place to observe that they have the very rare ability to dramatize their ideas rather than just talking about them. By making their points through the dramatic action of the story they gain the added power of allowing the audience to discover what's really going on rather than being told. They do this with such dazzling skill, you never see the ideas coming and don't realize until much later how profoundly they have reached your heart.

Stanley KubrickJanuary 1991 [http://www.visual-memory.co.uk/amk/doc/0078.html]

Filmography

Documentaries/short subjects

* "The Face" (1966)
* "The Office" "(Urząd)" (1966)
* "The Tram" "(Tramwaj)" (1966)
* "Concert of Wishes"(Koncert życzeń)" (1967)
* "The Photograph" "(Zdjęcie)" (1968)
* "From the City of Łódź" "(Z miasta Łodzi)" (1968)
* "I Was a Soldier" "(Byłem żołnierzem)" (1970)
* "Factory" "(Fabryka)" (1970)
* "Workers '71: Nothing About Us Without Us" "(Robotnicy '71: Nic o nas bez nas)" (1971)
* "Before a Rail" "(Przed rajdem)" (1971)
* "Between Wrocław and Zielona Góra" "(Między Wrocławiem a Zieloną Górą)" (1972)
* "Principles of Safety and Hygiene in a Copper Mine" "(Podstawy BHP w kopalni miedzi)" (1972)
* "Gospodarze" (1972)
* "Pedestrian Subway" "(Przejście podziemne)" (1973)
* "First Love" "(Pierwsza miłość)" (1974)
* "Curriculum Vitae" "(Życiorys)" (1975)
* "Hospital" "(Szpital)" (1976)
* "I Don't Know" "(Nie wiem)" (1977)
* "From a Night Porter's Point of View" "(Z punktu widzenia nocnego portiera)" (1978)
* "Railway Station" "(Dworzec)" (1980)
* "Talking Heads" "(Gadające glowy)" (1980)

Features

* "Personnel" "(Personnel)" (1975)
* "The Scar" "(Blizna)" (1976)
* "The Calm" "(Spokój)" (1976)
* "Camera Buff" "(Amator)" (1979)
* "Short Working Day" "(Krótki dzień pracy)" (1981)
* "Blind Chance" "(Przypadek)" (1981)
* "No End" "(Bez końca)" (1984)
* "The Decalogue" "(Dekalog)" (1988)
* "A Short Film About Killing" "(Krótki film o zabijaniu)" (1988)
* "A Short Film About Love" "(Krótki film o miłości)" (1989)
* "The Double Life of Véronique" "(La Double vie de Véronique/Podwójne życie Weroniki)" (1991)
* "" "(Trois couleurs: Bleu)" (1993)
* "" "(Trois couleurs: Blanc/Trzy kolory: Biały)" (1994)
* "" "(Trois couleurs: Rouge)" (1994)

econdary literature

* Emma Wilson "Memory and Survival: The French Cinema of Krzysztof Kieslowski" (Oxford: Legenda, 2000)

Casting

Kieślowski often used the same actors in key roles in his films, including:
*Artur Barciś in "No End", "The Decalogue", "A Short Film About Love", and "A Short Film About Killing"
*Aleksander Bardini in "No End", "The Decalogue", "The Double Life of Veronique" and ""
*Irene Jacob in "The Double Life of Veronique" and ""
*Boguslaw Linda in "Blind Chance" and "The Decalogue"
*Maria Pakulnis in "No End" and "The Decalogue"
*Jerzy Stuhr in "The Scar", "Camera Buff", "Blind Chance", "The Decalogue", and "Three Colors: White"
*Grazyna Szapolowska in "No End", "The Decalogue", and "A Short Film About Love"
*Zbigniew Zamachowski in "The Decalogue", and ""

References

* Amiel, Vincent. (1995). "Kieslowski". Paris: Editions Payot and Rivages. ISBN 2-86930-992-9
* Andrew, Geoff. (1998). "The Three Colours trilogy". London: BFI Publishing. ISBN 0-85170-569-3
* Attolini, Vito. (1998). "Krzysztof Kieslowski". Taranto: Barbieri. ISBN 88-86187-34-3
* Bleeckere, Sylvian de. (1994). "Levenswaarden en levensverhalen: een studie van de decaloog van Kieslowski". Leuven: Acco. ISBN 90-334-2852-0
* Campan, Veronique. (1993). "Dix breves histoires d'

* Coates, Paul. (1999). "Lucid Dreams: The Films of Krzysztof Kieslowski". Wiltshire: Flicks Books. ISBN 0-948911-63-8
* Dalla Rosa, Richard. (2003). "La fascination des doubles: selon La double vie de Veronique de Krzysztof Kieslowski". Sarreguemines: Edition Pierron. ISBN 2-7085-0307-3
* Dzieko'nska, El'zbieta. (2002). "The best of all worlds: public, personal and inner realms in the films of Krzysztof Kieślowski". London: University of London (PhD Thesis).
* Enser, Martha. (1995). "Krzysztof Kieslowski: das Gesamtwerk". Wien: Universtat Diplomarbeit.
* Erbstein, Monika. "Untersuchungen zur Filmsprache im Werk von Kryzstof Kieslowski". Alfeld: Coppi Verlag. ISBN 3-930258-57-9
* Esteve, Michel, ed. (1994). "Krzysztof Kieslowski". Paris: Lettres Modernes. ISBN 2-256-90934-4
* Franca, Andrea. (1996). "Cinema em azul, branco e vermelo: a trilogia de Kieslowski". Rio de Janeiro: Sette Letras. ISBN 85-85625-51-1
* Fritz, Heiko. (2004). "Was von der DDR bleibt oder die produzierte Geschichte mit einem Blick auf das filmwerk von Krzysztof Kieslowski". Oldenberg: Igel Verlag. ISBN 3-89621-178-1
* Furdal, Malgorzata, ed. (2001). "Remembering Krzysztof: il cinema di Kieslowski". Udine: Centro espressioni cinematografiche; Pordenone: Cinemazero.
* Furdal, Malgorzata, Turigliatto, Roberto, eds. (1989). "Kieslowski". Torino: Museo nazionale del cinema.
* Garbowski, Christopher. (1996). "Krzysztof Kieslowski's Decalogue series: the problem of the protagonists and their self-transcendence". Boulder: East European Monographs. ISBN 0-88033-349-9
* Haltof, Marek. (2004). "The cinema of Krzysztof Kieslowski: variations on destiny and chance". London: Wallflower Press. ISBN 1-903364-92-2 (hbk) ISBN 1-903364-91-4 (pbk)
* Insdorf, A. (2002). "Double lives, second chances: the cinema of Krzysztof Kieslowski". New York: Hyperion Miramax Books. ISBN 0-7868-8474-6
* Jazdon, Mikolaj. (2002). "Dokumenty Kieślowskiego". Pozna'n: Wydawnictwo Pozna'nskie. ISBN 83-7177-022-7
* Kickasola, Joe. (2004). "The films of Krzysztof Kieslowski". London: Continuum. ISBN 0-8264-1558-X (hbk) ISBN 0-8264-1559-8 (pbk)
* Kieślowski, Krzysztof. (1998). "Przypadek i inne teksty". Kraków: Znak. ISBN 83-7006-702-6
* Kieślowski, Krzysztof. Piesiewicz, Krzystof. (1999). "Raj, czyś'ciec, pieklo: [three novels in one case] ". Warsaw: Skorpion. ISBN 83-86466-30-8 (vol 1) ISBN 83-86466-31-6 (vol 2) ISBN 83-86466-32-4 (vol 3)
* Kieślowski, Krzystof. Piesiewicz, Krzystof. (1991). "The decalogue: the ten commandments [screenplays] ". London: Faber and Faber. ISBN 0-571-14498-5
* Kieślowski, Krzystof. Piesiewicz, Krzystof. (1998). "Three colours trilogy [screenplays] ". London: Faber and Faber. ISBN 0-571-17892-8
* Lagorio, Gina. (1992). "Il decalogo di Kieślowski: ricreazione narritiva". Casale Monferrato: Piemme. ISBN 88-384-1634-6
* Lesch, Walter. Loretan, Matthias, "et al." (1993). "Das Gewicht der Gebote und die Moglichkeiten der Kunst: Krzysztof Kieślowskis Dekalog Filme als ethische Modelle". Freiburg, Schweiz: Universitatsverlag; Freiburg: Herder. ISBN 3-7278-0910-8 (Univerlag) ISBN 3-451-23275-8 (Herder)
* Lubelski, Tadeusz, ed. (1997). "Kino Krzysztofa Kieślowskiego". Kraków: Universitas. ISBN 83-7052-926-7
*Murri, Serafino. (1996). "Krzysztof Kieślowski". Milan: Il Castoro. ISBN 88-8033-061-6
* Rimini, Stefania. (2000). "L'etica dello sguardo : introduzione al cinema di Krzysztof Kieślowski". Napoli: Liguori. ISBN 88-207-2996-2
* Ripa di Meana, Gabriella. (1998). " La morale dell'altro: scritti sull'inconscio dal Decalogo di Kieślowski". Firenze: Liberal libri. ISBN 88-8270-009-7
* Rodriguez Chico, Julio. (2004). "Azul, Blanco, Rojo : Kieślowski en busca de la libertad y el amor". Madrid: Ediciones Internacionales Universitarias. ISBN 84-8469-111-X
* Simonigh, Chiara. (2000). "La danza dei miseri destini: il Decalogo di Krzyzstof Kieślowski". Torino: Testo and immagine. ISBN 88-86498-90-X
* Spadaro, Antonio. (1999). "Lo sguardo presente : una lettura teologica di "Breve film sull'amore" di K. Kieślowski". Rimini: Guaraldi. ISBN 88-8049-166-0
* Stok, Danusia, ed. (1993). "Kieślowski on Kieślowski". London: Faber and Faber. ISBN 0-571-17328-4
* Termine, Laborio. (2002). "Immagine e rappresentazione". Torino: Testo and immagine. ISBN 88-8382-081-9
* Wach, Margarete. (2000). "Krzysztof Kieślowski: kino der moralischen Unruhe". Köln: KIM; Marburg: Schuren. ISBN 3-934311-06-7 (KIM) ISBN 3-89472-360-2 (Schuren)
* Wilson, Emma. (2000). "Memory and survival: the French cinema of Krzysztof Kieślowski". Oxford: Legenda. ISBN 1-900755-27-0
* Wizner, Dariusz. (2002). "Stile cinematografico di Krzysztof Kieślowski". Roma: Universita Pontificia Salesiana. Thesis.
* Wollermann, Tobias. (2002). "Zur musik in der Drei Farben: triologie von Krzysztof Kieślowski". Osnabrück: Epos Musik. ISBN 3-923486-38-3
* Zawiśliński, Stanislaw, ed. (1996). "Kieślowski: album pod redakcja Stanislawa Zawiślińskiego; teksty [by] Krzysztof Kieślowski ... [et al] ". Warsaw: Skorpion. ISBN 83-86466-11-1
* Žižek, Slavoj. (2001). "". London: BFI Publishing. ISBN 0-85170-755-6 (hbk) ISBN 0-85170-754-8 (pbk)

External links

*imdb name|id=0001425|name=Krzysztof Kieślowski
* [http://www.sensesofcinema.com/contents/directors/03/kieslowski.html Senses of Cinema: Krzysztof Kieślowski]
* [http://www.galilean-library.org/kieslowski.html Kieślowski's "Three Colours" Trilogy] at the Galilean Library
* [http://zakka.dk/euroscreenwriters/interviews/krysztof_kieslowski_03.htm Transcript] from 1994 seminar by Kieslowski on "Directing actors"
* [http://www.facets.org/decalogue/holland.html Interview with Agnieska Holland on her friend and colleague Kieslowski]
* [http://www.conhecimentodoinferno.blogspot.com Getting to know Inferno] Lisbon, Movies, Musics, Books, Pictures, Poems and much more
* [http://kieslowski.art.pl/ Unofficial Krzysztof Kieślowski Fan Site in Polish]
* [http://www.musicolog.com/kieslowski_manycolours.asp Profile on Krzysztof Kieślowski]