Kaibiles

The Kaibiles (singular: Kaibil) are a special operations force of the Military of Guatemala. They specialise in jungle warfare tactics and counter-insurgency operations.

The corps' soldiers are distinguished from regular troops by maroon berets with patches bearing a blazing sword. Its motto is: "If I advance, follow me. If I stop, urge me on. If I retreat, kill me."

History

On 5 December 1974, Guatemala's military government created its Commando School ("Escuela de Comandos"). Three months later, on 5 March 1975, it renamed it the Kaibil Special Operations Training Centre ("Centro de Adiestramiento y Operaciones Especiales Kaibil"). The name "Kaibil" is derived from Kayb'il B'alam ("Kaibil Balam"), a Mam indigenous leader who evaded capture by the Spanish conquistadors under Pedro de Alvarado.

Initially, the Kaibil Centre was located on two estates, "El Infierno" ("Hell") and "La Pólvora" ("Gunpowder") in the municipality of Melchor de Mencos, Petén department. On 12 January 1989, it was moved to the former headquarters of Military Zone 23, in Poptún, Petén.

Training

According to the Ministry of Defence, the Kaibil Centre's mission is to train and develop elite commando forces: "To select, by means of arduous, difficult training under physical and mental pressure, members of the army capable of engaging in commando operations."

The Kaibiles are infamous for their reputed practice of forcing recruits to bite the heads off live chickens. [ [http://www.mexiconews.com.mx/20888.html Worries rise over Kaibiles] Wire services, "El Universal," 10 October 2006] They also must drink river water out of a recently fired artillery shell, with the burnt residue still inside.Fact|date=May 2007Kaibiles are known for doing field medical work on themselves in the line of fire. For example, most Kaibiles, when injured by a gunshot, pull their knife out, cut an X on the wound, and pull the bullet out (after ascertaining that the bullet is safe to remove).Fact|date=May 2007

Recruitment is voluntary. However, several physical and psychological tests are required before entering. The training is given twice a year it lasts 60 days. Only 64 participants are allowed per training period, not older than 28 years of age. No more than 10 have ever graduated on a single period. Members of foreign military forces are sometimes selected to participate in training, which is considered a privilege and an honour.

The commandos are trained in guerrilla warfare, counter-guerrilla operations, military behaviour, map reading, psychological preparation, military intelligence and counter-intelligence. Their technical preparation includes a special self-defence system known as "Temv-K'a" (which means "Hands of Storm"), communications, survival techniques, obstacle courses, military hiking, special weapons, demolitions and emergency medical training. This includes aerial operations, day and night navigation, camp setup and security, evasion, escape, interventions and ambushes.

Even though in the past they were meant to be an anti-guerrilla unit, today they are oriented towards anti-terrorism, anti-kidnapping and anti-narcotics efforts, in line with current needs.

The first part of training involves the removal of any medal, patch or condecoration that the soldier may carry on his/her uniform. This degradation is a major cause for immediate desertion.

During training, every soldier has a "cuaz" (which in Q'eqchi' means: "Brother") assigned for the rest of their training. They become partners: they sleep, eat, and work together all the time. If one makes a mistake, they both suffer the consequences. Training is relentless. Actions take place during daytime and nighttime. Sleep is permitted for no longer than three hours a day, if the right to it is earned. They are trained to eat "anything that moves". [Contralinea magazine, Mexico]

Human rights issues

In February 1999, the Commission for Historical Clarification ("Comisión para el Esclaracimiento Histórico", CEH), the truth and reconciliation body established under United Nations auspices by the 1996 Peace Accords that brought an end to the country's 35-year-long Civil War, called attention to the brutalising nature of the training conducted by the Kaibil Centre in its final report, "Guatemala: Memoria del silencio" ("Guatemala: Memory of Silence"):

The substantiation of the degrading contents of the training of the Army's special counter insurgency force, known as Kaibiles, has drawn the particular attention of the CEH. This training included killing animals and then eating them raw and drinking their blood in order to demonstrate courage. The extreme cruelty of these training methods, according to testimony available to the CEH, was then put into practice in a range of operations carried out by these troops, confirming one point of their decalogue: "The Kaibil is a killing machine." [http://shr.aaas.org/guatemala/ceh/report/english/conc1.html (CEH, §42)]

The Commission's report documented examples of massacres of civilians by the Kaibiles, most notably the December 1982 Dos Erres massacre.

In December 1996, shortly before the signing of the Peace Accords, President Álvaro Arzú Irigoyen spoke of his intention to preserve the Kaibiles in peacetime but to rededicate them to another war: the war on narcotics and crime. Addressing a Kaibil graduation ceremony in Poptún, he said: "Now this new army of peace will face an enemy that perhaps is much more powerful than the one we faced for many years. We are talking of drug traffickers and criminals who want to corrode the country; they are better armed, equipped, and trained than the enemies we had to face in the past." However, under the terms of the Peace Accords, the army was to have been restricted to defence from external attack, which would preclude involvement in the sort of domestic police actions proposed by President Arzú.

The Kaibiles' record and reputation led the Roman Catholic Church's Interdiocese Project for the Recovery of Historical Memory ("Proyecto Interdiocesano de Recuperación de la Memoria Histórica", REMHI) to recommend that the group be disbanded in its April 1998 report, "Guatemala: Never Again" ("Guatemala: Nunca Más").

According to "Jane's Intelligence Review" "The army has refused to disband the Special Forces Training and Operations Centre, housed at El Infierno, in the vicinity of Poptún, Petén." In December 1998, Jane's reported that there were three groups of Kaibiles, one consisting of instructors, and two consisting of 162 commandos apiece. Each group was divided into four 38-men platoons, further subdivided into squads of nine soldiers.

Recent history

Currently there are Kaibiles stationed in the Democratic Republic of the Congo as part of the United Nations MONUC peace-keeping force. On 23 January 2006, eight Kaibiles were killed and five others were wounded during an ambush by guerrillas in Congo's Garamba National Park. They were on a botched secret mission to try to capture or kill Vincent Otti, the deputy commander of Uganda's notorious Lord's Resistance Army (LRA). Fact|date=April 2008

More recently, some former members of the Kaibiles (along with members of the Mara Salvatrucha, MS-13 street gang), have formed relationships with the Los Zetas mercenary group. Los Zetas are a group of elite Mexican anti-drug paratroopers and intelligence operatives who deserted their Special Air Mobile Force Group in 1991 and have since been hired as "enforcers" by the drugs traffickers of the Gulf Cartel. [cite web|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2005/09/30/international/americas/30mexico.html|title=Mexico Fears Its Drug Traffickers Get Help From Guatemalans|last=Thompson|first=Ginger|date=September 30, 2005|publisher=New York Times|accessdate=2008-04-27]

References

The first version of this article was modified and edited from [http://uscis.gov/graphics/services/asylum/ric/documentation/GTM00003.htm Guatemala: Kaibiles and the Massacre at Las Dos Erres] , a [http://uscis.gov/graphics/privnote.htm public domain] information request response document of the U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services.

External links

*en icon [http://www.narconews.com/ NarcoNews Bulletin]
*es icon [http://www.mindef.mil.gt/ftierra/cespeciales/fuerzasesp/ Official webpage]
*en icon [http://worldpolicy.org/globalrights/guatemala/kaibiles.htm Unofficial webpage]
*es icon [http://www.perspectivamilitar.blogspot.com Unofficial webpage]
* [http://www.reuters.com/article/oddlyEnoughNews/idUSN2544954220080425? Ads seek ex-soldiers for smuggling jobs] Reuters April 25 2008