German Mine Sweeping Administration

The German Mine Sweeping Administration (GMSA) was formed from former crews and vessels of the Nazi German "Kriegsmarine" for the purpose of mine sweeping after the Second World War, predominantly in the North Sea and Baltic Sea, and existed from June 1945 to January 1948.

History

The GMSA was formed on 21 June 1945 under allied supervision, specifically that of the Royal Navy, [ [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=8Uczn3-3F34C&pg=PA41&lpg=PA41&dq=GMSA+mine+sweeping&source=web&ots=46TWkZw-WY&sig=qCDJ_-O-7BF5WEsxnGLoRG2rUqo&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=2&ct=result Google book review: "German Seaman 1939–45"] Page: 41, author: Gordon Williamson, John White, publisher: Osprey Publishing, accessed: 09 July 2008] [ [http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/History/History-idx?type=turn&entity=History.omg1947n081.p0020&isize=text Weekly information bulletin, Number 81 (February 1947)] accessed: 11 July 2008] to clear naval mines in the North Sea and Baltic. It was made up of 27,000 former members of the "Kriegsmarine" on nearly 300 vessels. [ [http://www.janmaat.de/m_gesch0.htm German Mine Sweeping Administration (GMSA)] (in German), accessed: 09 June 2008]

The allied command was well aware of the problem caused for commercial shipping by the over 600,000 naval mines laid in the seas of Western, Northern and Eastern Europe and had asked that the German mine sweeping formations not be dismissed after the surrender in May 1945. For this reason, Vice Admiral Sir Harold Burrough, British Naval Commander-in-Chief, Germany, undersigned the instruction for the GMSA in June 1945. The British Admiralty preferred to risk German sailors rather than their own to do the dangerous work. ["The Royal Navy and German Naval Disarmament, 1942–1947", Page 127] The GMSA was originally under the command of Commodore H.T. England; below him, as the highest ranking German officer, was Konteradmiral Fritz Kraus, who had been in charge of mine sweeping operations during the war. ["The Royal Navy and German Naval Disarmament, 1942–1947", Page 128] [ [http://www.mandors.de/navigation.html German Minesweeping Administration GM/SA] accessed: 11 July 2008]

The German sailors initially served in their Second World War uniforms, with the German Eagle and the Swastika removed, and under the same rules and regulations as were valid in the "Kriegsmarine". The sailors were paid a moderate wage and had the right to take local leave, unlike other German POW's, but service was not voluntary.

The service was sub-divided into six mine sweeping divisions (German:"Räumbootdivisionen"). The German headquarters of the service were located in Glückstadt.

On 25 May 1946, the GMSA was equipped with new blue work uniforms and special rank insignia, worn on the sleeve.

The headquarters of the GMSA were moved to Hamburg in December 1947 and disbanded in January 1948, despite US objections. The reason for its disbanding was primarily pressure from the Soviet Union who feared the GMSA was an attempt by the western allies to re-form the German "Kriegsmarine", something the Royal Navy bitterly opposed themselves. [ [http://www.h-net.org/mmreviews/showrev.cgi?path=597 From Enemy to Ally: Reconciliation Made Real in Postwar Germany] Humanities & Social Sciences Online, accessed: 11 July 2008] The "Reichsmarine" had used mine sweeping operations after the First World War to preserve a talent pool of officers and the Royal Navy wanted to avoid a repeat of this experience. ["The Royal Navy and German Naval Disarmament, 1942–1947", Page 128]

The "German mine sweeping formation Cuxhaven", a civilian organisation, replaced the GMSA, still under British control and using equipment and personnel of the previous organisation.

One of the few large surface ships of the "Kriegsmarine" to survive the war, the light cruiser Leipzig, in fairly bad condition, served as an accommodation hulk for the GMSA. [ [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=n8FULo7X2B0C&pg=PT22&lpg=PT22&dq=German+Mine+Sweeping+Administration&source=web&ots=_gWFI4eoYH&sig=eByGp1YsfMmV40JYYk_CFyNMoxc&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=2&ct=result#PPT22,M1 Google book review — "German Light Cruisers 1939–45"] author: Gordon Williamson, Ian Palmer, publisher: Osprey Publishing, page: 39, accessed: 14 July 2008]

Divisions

The GMSA was sub-divided into six regional divisions of varying strength:
* 1st Division: "Schleswig Holstein"
* 2nd Division: "West Germany (Cuxhaven)"
* 3rd Division: "Denmark"
* 4th Division: "Norway"
* 5th Division: "Netherlands"
* 6th Division: "Bremen (US-division)"

tatistics

* Area cleared:
** North Sea: 5628 square sea miles
** Baltic Sea: 450 square sea miles
* Naval Mines cleared: 2721

*Losses:
** Vessels lost: 10
** Crew killed: 348

hips

As of early 1947, the service consisted of the following ships and vessels:
* 84 Minehunting boats (German:"Minensuch-Boote") "Type 35", "Type 40", "Type 43"
* 63 Minesweeper boats (German:"Räum-Boote") partial with Voith-Schneider propulsion systems
* 62 War fishing cutters (German:"Kriegsfischkutter") 6 Mine barrage breaker (Sperrbrecher)
* 5 Auxiliary Minesweeper (former fishery trawlers)
* 110 Auxiliary ships

imilar formations

* The "4th Mine Sweeping Group" (German: "4. Minensuchgruppe") in Lorient, France, was made up from crews of French sailors and German POWs.
* "Deutscher Minenräumverband Cuxhaven" ("German mine sweeping formation Cuxhaven"), based in Cuxhaven, Germany, a civilian formation under control of the British Customs, replaced the GMSA, active from January 1948 to June 1951
* "Labour Service Unit" (LSU/B), based in Bremerhaven and under control of the US Navy, the formation was active until 1957, many of its members continued to serve in the German "Bundesmarine" after that

Further reading

* "The Royal Navy and German Naval Disarmament, 1942-1947", by Chris Madsen, publisher: Routledge

External links

* [http://yourarchives.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php?title=German_Minesweeping_Administration_1945-1947 The National Archives UK - German Minesweeping Administration 1945-1947 - List of catalogue references]
* [http://www.bibben.no/ Website of the M/S Bibben, a former "Kriegsfischkutter" serving with the GMSA]
* [http://www.ijnhonline.org/volume1_number1_Apr02/pdf_april02/pdf_peifer.pdf International Journal of Naval History - Forerunners to the West German Bundesmarine]

ources

* [http://www.janmaat.de/m_gesch0.htm Die Deutsche Marine - German Mine Sweeping Administration (GMSA)] (in German)
* [http://www.mandors.de/navigation.html German naval service groups 1945 - 1958]

Reference