Henri Mouhot

Infobox Scientist
name = Henri Mouhot
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caption = A drawing of Henri Mouhot done by H. Rousseau from a photograph
birth_date = May 15, 1826
birth_place = Montbéliard, Doubs, France
death_date = November 10, 1861
death_place = Naphan, Laos
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nationality = French
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field = Natural history
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known_for = Angkor
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Henri Mouhot (May 15, 1826 — November 10, 1861) was a French naturalist and explorer of the mid-19th century. He was born in Montbéliard, Doubs, France - near the Swiss border, but spent his childhood in Russia and possibly, parts of Asia. He died near Naphan, Laos. He is remembered mostly in connection to Angkor.

Early life

As a young professor of philology Mouhot spent at least 10 years of his life working as a language tutor in Russia. He traveled throughout Europe with his brother Charles, studying photographic techniques developed by Louis Daguerre. In 1856, he began devoting himself to the study of Natural Science. In 1856 he married a descendant, likely the grand-daughter, of Scottish explorer Mungo Park. Upon reading "The Kingdom and People of Siam" by Sir James Bowring in 1857, Mouhot decided to travel to Indochina to conduct a series of botanical expeditions for the collection of new zoological specimens. His initial requests for grants and passage were rejected by French companies and the government of Napoleon III. The Royal Geographical Society and the Zoological Society of London lent him their support, and he set sail for Bangkok, via Singapore.

Angkor

Mouhot is often mistakenly credited with "discovering" Angkor, although "Angkor was never lost" — the location and existence of the entire series of Angkor sites was always known to the Khmers and had been visited by several westerners since the 16th century. Mouhot mentions in his journals that his contemporary, Father Charles Emile Bouillevaux — a French missionary based in Battambang — had reported that he and other western explorers and missionaries had visited Angkor Wat and the other Khmer temples, at least five years before Mouhot. Father Bouillevaux published his accounts in 1857: "Travel in Indochina 1848–1846, The Annam and Cambodia".Previously, a Portuguese trader Diogo do Couto visited Angkor and wrote his accounts about it in 1550, and the Portuguese monk Antonio da Magdalena had also written about his visit to Angkor Wat in 1586.

Mouhot did however popularise Angkor in the West. Perhaps none of the previous European visitors wrote as evocatively as Mouhot, who included interesting and detailed sketches. In his posthumously published "Travels in Siam, Cambodia and Laos" Mouhot compared Angkor to the pyramids, for it was popular in the west at that time to ascribe the origin of all civilization to the Middle East. For example, he described the Buddha heads at the gateways to Angkor Thom as "four immense heads in the Egyptian style," and wrote of Angkor:

"One of these temples—a rival to that of Solomon, and erected by some ancient Michael Angelo—might take an honourable place beside our most beautiful buildings. It is grander than anything left to us by Greece or Rome, and presents a sad contrast to the state of barbarism in which the nation is now plunged."

Mouhot also wrote that:

"At Ongcor, there are ...ruins of such grandeur... that, at the first view, one is filled with profound admiration, and cannot but ask what has become of this powerful race, so civilized, so enlightened, the authors of these gigantic works?"

Such quotations may have given rise to the popular misconception that Mouhot had found the abandoned ruins of a lost civilisation. The Royal Geographical Society and The Zoological Society, both interested in announcing new finds, seemed to have encouraged the rumor that Mouhot — whom they had sponsored to chart mountains and rivers and catalog new species — had discovered Angkor. Mouhot himself erroneously asserted that Angkor was the work of an earlier civilization than the Khmer. For although the very same civilization which built Angkor was alive and right before his eyes, he considered them in a "state of barbarism" and could not believe they were civilized or enlightened enough to have built it. He assumed that the authors of such grandeur were a disappeared race, and mistakenly dated Angkor back over two millennia, to around the same era as Rome. The true history of Angkor Wat was later pieced together from the book "The Customs of Cambodia" written by Temur Khan's envoy Zhou Daguan to Cambodia in 1295-1296] [Translated into French as early as 1819,perhaps Mouhot knew of it] and from stylistic and epigraphic evidence accumulated during the subsequent clearing and restoration work carried out across the whole Angkor site. It is now known that the dates of Angkor’s habitation were from the early 9th to the early 15th centuries.

Colonialism

Some have argued that Mouhot may have been a tool for French expansionism, and the annexation of territories which followed shortly after his death. Mouhot himself however, did not seem to be a hardcore colonialist, for he occasionally doubted the beneficial effects of European colonisation:

"Will the present movement of the nations of Europe towards the East result in good by introducing into these lands the blessings of our civilization? Or shall we, as blind instruments of boundless ambition, come hither as a scourge, to add to their present miseries?"

Expeditions

From his base in Bangkok in 1858, Mouhot made 4 journeys into the interior of Siam, Cambodia and Laos. Over a period of 3 years before he died, he endured extreme hardships and fended off wild animals, to explore some previously uncharted jungle territory.

On his 1st expedition, he visited Ayutthaya, the former capital of Siam (already charted territory), and gathered an extensive collection of insects, terrestrial and river shells, and sent them on to England.

In January 1860, at the end of his 2nd and longest journey, he reached Angkor (already charted territory) — an area spread over more than 400 km²., consisting of many sites of ancient terraces, pools, moated cities, palaces and temples, the most famous of which is Angkor Wat. He recorded this visit in his travel journals, which included 3 weeks of detailed observations. These journals and illustrations were later incorporated into books which were published posthumously.

Death and legacy

Mouhot died of a malarial fever on his 4th expedition, in the jungles of Laos. He had been visiting Luang Prabang, capital of the Lan Xang kingdom, one of 3 kingdoms which eventually merged into what can be known as modern day Laos, and was under the patronage of the king. Two of his servants buried him near a French mission in Naphan, by the banks of the Nam Khan river. Mouhot’s favourite servant, Phrai, transported all of Mouhot’s journals and specimens back to Bangkok, from where they were shipped to Europe.

A modest monument was erected over his grave in 1867, under the orders of French commander Doudart de Lagrée, who gave him this eulogy:

"We found everywhere the memory of our compatriot who, by the uprightness of his character and his natural benevolence, had acquired the regard and the affection of the natives."

The monument was destroyed by the overflow of the river Nam Khan. It was replaced in 1887 by a more durable crypt monument, and a maisonnette was built nearby to house and feed visitors to the white shrine. Some restoration work was done on the tomb in 1951 by the EFEO (Ecole Française d'Extrème Orient -- The French School of the Far East).

Mouhot's tomb was consumed by the jungle and lost, until it was accidentally rediscovered in 1990. His birth town of Montbeliard in 1990 then helped with its restoration. A new plaque on one end of the crypt commemorates the rediscovery of Mouhot's burial place in 1990. The location is now known to hotels and tourist operators in Luang Prabang, and a van may be hired to take one along a dusty road to visit it. This entails a walk down a steep track to the river, along the river for about 150 metres, and then heading up a well-cleared track to the tomb.

The popularity of Angkor generated by Mouhot's writings, led to the popular support for a major French role in its study and preservation. The French carried out the majority of research work on Angkor until recently.

Borne of the posthumous misattribution to Henri Mouhot discovering Angkor, the idea that Angkor was lost and (re)discovered by Europeans lingers on, reinforced by Hollywood images of Europeans hacking through jungles to stumble upon the "lost" ruins of Angkor; an uninformed host of Discovery Channel's "Beyond Borders" program described just such a scenario of Mouhot, perpetuating the myth.

Mouhot's writings

Mouhot's travel journals are immortalized in "Voyage dans les royaumes de Siam, de Cambodge, de Laos et autres parties centrales de l'Indochine" (published 1863, 1864) -- English title: "Travels in the Central Parts of Indo-China, Cambodia and Laos During the Years 1858,1859, and 1860" "(see Literature section below)"

External links

* http://www.angkorwat.org/html/L2225.html
* [http://angkor.wat.online.fr/dec-henri_mouhot.htm Short biography] (in French)
* http://www.kh.refer.org/cbodg_ct/decouvert_kh/culture_kh/livres/mouhot.htm (in French)
* http://www.insecula.com/contact/A010818.html (in French)
* http://www.angkor.com/hd.shtml

Literature

* Travels in Siam, Cambodia, Laos, and Annam -- Henri Mouhot, M. Mouhot -- ISBN 974-8434-03-6
* Travels in Siam, Cambodia and Laos, 1858-1860 -- Henri Mouhot, Michael Smithies - ISBN 0-19-588614-3
* Illustrated by Profusely illus in b/w. - Travels in the Central Parts of Indo-China (Siam), Cambodia, and Laos During the Years 1858, 1859, and 1860 -- Mouhot, M. Henri -- ISBN 974-8495-11-6

References

* Encyclopedia Britannica
* Angkor Guide, published in Siem Reap by the Cambodian Ministry of Information
* The Siem Reap Angkor Visitors Guide ("quarterly"—March-May 2005), Canby publications "(www.canbypublications.com)"
* University of California Irvine, Cambodian Students Organization, Knowledge Section "(see http://spirit.dos.uci.edu/cambo/)"
* Ron Emmon's Biographies "(http://ronemmons.com/biographies/mouhot/)"
* Angkor.com - The Forgotten Crypt of Henri Mouhot (1826-1861) "(see http://www.angkor.com/hd.shtml)"
* German Wikipedia: "http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Mouhot"
* Henri Mouhot's diary; travels in the central parts of Siam, Cambodia and Laos during the years 1858-61.
* Angkor Wat Online "(http://angkor.wat.online.fr/dec-henri_mouhot.htm)"
* Bryson, 2003, A Short History of Nearly Everything, chap. 6, ISBN 0-552-15174-2