Slavic liquid metathesis and pleophony

Slavic liquid metathesis refers to the historical phenomenon of metathesis of liquid consonants occurring in Common Slavic period in South Slavic and Czecho-Slovak area. Onomastics evidence indicates that it seems to have occurred sometimes in the latter half of the eighth century. Closely-related corresponding phenomenon of pleophony occurred paralelly in East Slavic languages.

Law of open syllables

During the Common Slavic period, a tendency known as the "law of open syllables" created the series of changes that completely eliminated closed syllables. This was evident in OCS, which had no closed syllables at all. Some of these changes include the monophthongization of diphthongs, loss of word-final consonants (e.g. 3rd person singular aorist OCS "reče" < *reket, OCS N sg of o-stems -ъ < *-us etc), simplification of some medial consonant clusters (e.g. OCS Unicode| < *Unicode|topnǫti etc.) and the formation of the nasal vowels *Unicode|ǫ and *Unicode|ę from *am/*an and *em/*en respectively.

Another change involved a liquid consonants (R) *l or *r in closed-syllable *eRC and *aRC clusters, which had to be eliminated. The application of the law of open syllables for such clusters differed amongst the already differentiated Slavic dialects, but characteristically manifested in a number of dialects as the metathesis of liquid consonants, and is therefore called the liquid metathesis.

Historical evidence

There are glosses of Slavic words that show no effect of liquid metathesis in foreign-language sources, such as when the late 8th century Greek chronicler Teophanes writes Slavic names as polytonic|Άρδάγαστος and polytonic|Δαργαμηρός (OCS versions of these names would be "Radogostъ" and "Dragoměrъ"). Liquid metathesis can be seen in various borrowings preserved in toponymics; Latin "Arba" > Croatian "Unicode|Rȃb", Latin "Albōna" > Croatian "Làbīn", Latin "Scardōna" > Croatian "Skràdīn" etc.

Reflexes in Slavic languages

In South Slavic the vowel and the liquid metathesize, and as a side-effect the vowel lengthens (*e > *ē > ě, *a > *ā > a): : *al > la: *ar > ra: *el > lě: *er > rě

Compare:
* PSl. *gardu > OCS ('settlement')
* PSl. *walti > Croatian ('blade, stalk')
* PSl. *wertmēn > OCS ('time')
* PSl. *melka > OCS ('milk)Compare the preserved VRC structure in Lithuanian "gar̃das", "váltis", Sanskrit "vártman" ('path'), English "milk" as opposed to the metathesized South Slavic RVC structure.

Word-initially, metathesis with lengthening occurred always only in south and central Slovak dialects (i.e. just like in South Slavic), and in the rest of West and East Slavic languages only when the syllable is under acute (rising) accent; compare: Proto-Slavic *Unicode|a̋rdla ('plough'):
*Croatian
* Czech "rádlo",
* Russian

If the syllable was not acuted, metathesis in West and East Slavic occurs without the lengthening so EPSl. *a retains short quantity and yields IPA|/o/; compare EPSl. *Unicode|ȃlkuti ('elbow') > Croatian , but Czech .

Word-medially, on the other hand, the following occurs: in Polish and Sorbian languages metathesis without lengthening occurs; compare Polish , , , "młot" as opposed to OCS , , Slovene , OCS . In North-West Lechitic (northern Kashubian, Slovincian, Pomeranian and Polabian) *CaRC remains unchanged (i.e. metathesis does not occur), *CalC and *CelC yield CloC, and *CerC > CreC (without lengthening). Compare Polabian to Slovene and Pomerian "gard" (often in toponimics, e.g. Białogard and similar) to OCS . In Czecho-Slovak word-medial metathesis occurs with the lengthening, just as in South Slavic; compare Czech "mlat", to Polish "młot", with /o/ inside. East Slavic languages manifest so-called pleophony (also called polnoglasie or full vocalization) - *CarC > CoroC, *CerC > CereC, and *CalC/*CelC > ColoC; compare Russian , , , . Here the closed syllable problem is resolved by inserting another vowel after the liquid consonant. In North-West Lechitic the reflex of *CelC and *CalC are the same.

Complete and incomplete, first and the second metathesis

If one considers the liquid metathesis "complete" only under the condition that it occurs with the corresponding vowel lengthening, then the complete metathesis occurs only in South Slavic, partially Slovak and in non-word-initial position in the whole Czecho-Slovak area. The complete metathesis has been operational in all Slavic languages under the acuted syllable. Under the word-initial non-acuted syllable there was no lengthening except in South Slavic and partially Slovak. As it was mentioned, word-medially the complete metathesis occurred, besides in South Slavic, in Czecho-Slovak group; in Polish and Sorbian it operated without lengthening, and in North-West Lechitic it didn't operate even in the case of *CarC syllables (otherwise the "incomplete" metathesis occurred - without the lengthening). In East Slavic languages pleophony yielded *CVRC > CVRVC. The reflex of *l in North-West Lechitic and East Slavic is always "hard".

Since the reflexes of acuted word-initial *ar- and *al- have been the same in all Slavic dialects, the change of acuted *ar-, *al- must have preceded the change of other syllables closed by a liquid, where the reflexes are different. [Holzer 2007:55-56] So one can distinguish the "first" and the "second" metathesis of liquids.

Dating

As it was stated, the liquid metathesis occurred in the Common Slavic era, at the end of the 8th century. That can be shown by the fact that the name of Frankish ruler Charlemagne underwent this change, so:
* "Karol" > PSl. *karlu > Common Slavic *korljь > Russian , Polish , Croatian

Interpretation

It has been suggested [Matasović 2008:150] that East Slavic preserved the actual state of affairs, i.e. that the vowel was inserted in Common Slavic period, and only subsequently it was lost in all dialects except in East Slavic, in a position preceding the liquid. So the exact development would be, e.g. in case of Croatian:
* PSl. *bardā 'beard' > *Common Slavic *bor^adā > *b^aradā > Cr. "bráda"

ee Also

* Proto-Slavic language

Notes

References

* cite book
last= Kapović
first=Mate
title=Uvod u indoeuropsku lingvistiku
location=Zagreb
publisher=Matica hrvatska
year=2008
id=ISBN 978-953-150-847-6
language=Croatian
* cite book
last=Matasović
first=Ranko
authorlink=Ranko Matasović
title=Poredbenopovijesna gramatika hrvatskoga jezika
location=Zagreb
publisher=Matica hrvatska
year=2008
id=ISBN 978-953-150-840-7
language=Croatian
* cite book |
last=Holzer
first=Georg
authorlink=Georg Holzer
title=Historische Grammatik des Kroatischen. Einleitung und Lautgeschichte der Standardsprache
location=Frankfurt am Main
publisher=Peter Lang
year=2007
id=ISBN 978-3631561195
language=German