Waif

The word waif (from the Old French "guaif", stray beast)Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House, Inc. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/waif (accessed: June 02, 2008)] refers to a living creature removed, by hardship, loss or other helpless circumstance, from his or her original surroundings. The most common usage is to designate a homeless, forsaken or orphaned child, or someone whose appearance is evocative of same.

As such, the term is similar to a ragamuffin or street urchin, although the main distinction is volitional: a runaway youth might live on the streets, but would not properly be called a waif as the departure from one's home was an exercise of free will. Likewise, a person fleeing their home for purposes of safety (as in response to political oppression or natural disaster), is typically considered not a waif but a refugee.

Literature and Publications

Orphaned children, left to fend for themselves, are extremely common as literary protagonists, especially in children's and fantasy literature. [Philip Martin, "The Writer's Guide to Fantasy Literature: From Dragon's Lair to Hero's Quest", p 16, ISBN 0-87116-195-8] The children in A Series of Unfortunate Events are frequently waifs, in between their unsuccessful stints in the care of various relatives. The characters Heathcliff in Emily Brontë's 1847 novel "Wuthering Heights" and Pip in Charles Dickens' 1861 novel "Great Expectations" are waifs. Bret Harte's 1890 novel "A Waif of the Plains", set against the backdrop of the Oregon Trail in the 1850s, is another example.

The association of "waif" with thinness, ill-health and/or somewhat ethereal qualities is a recurring literary element, although such physical aspects are not inherent in the term. Literary waifs are frequently depicted with a frail appearance, often (particularly in fantasy genres) with compensatory special abilities or powers. A "waif" in The Edge Chronicles is a thin and rather weak creature who resides in the deep wood, able to hear many sounds that other beings cannot. Such evocations may reflect the endemic malnutrition of the street urchin, or be the result of an intention or accidental conflation of the term with wraith, or spirit.

The Waif is a character in Jonathan Lethem's story "K for Fake" from the story collection "Kafka Americana". There is also a waif character known as Bubbles, friend of Barbara (played by Claire Adams) in the 1920 silent crime film "The Penalty". The character is referred to as "Bubbles, a street waif whom Barbara has befriended".

Chicago's Mercy Home for Boys and Girls, a long-term residential home for troubled young men and women from the streets and abusive homes, has published "The Waif's Messenger" for more than 100 years.

Nautical

In nautical terms, a "waif" is any survivor of a shipwreck compelled to make land upon a foreign shore. In this sense it is roughly synonymous with castaway, although the latter term is generally associated with isolation; a waif (in the nautical sense) usually indicates a survivor of a marine disaster who has fallen into the care and/or custody of others.

"Some seven years ago...there appeared the remarkable saga of Manjiro, the shipwrecked Japanese waif who was rescued and brought to the United States by a Yankee whaling captain." [ [http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/ah/1963/5/1963_5_95.shtml AmericanHeritage.com / The Ordeal of the KANRIN MARU ] ]

The noun "waif" has a secondary nautical meaning, referring to any message that has been received via flag signals. However, in that context the etymology is most likely divergent, springing instead from the Old Norse "veif", a back-and-forth movement.

Music

References to waifs in music are sometimes self-deprecating, as in the name of the Australian folk-rock band The Waifs, or Tracy Bonham's song "I'm Not a Waif."

Many other songs use the word "waif" to romanticize street children and runaways, as in the Marc Almond song "Waifs and Strays", or the Steely Dan song "Janie Runaway", which describes the title character as being the "wonderwaif of Gramercy Park."

Still other musical references to waifs stress themes of deprivation and vulnerability. For example, in the Counting Crows song "On Almost Any Sunday Morning", the character singing the song describes himself as "Hungry like a wild / Waif or only child".

Even more pointed was the use of the word by Kurt Cobain as a euphemism for sexual assault. The title of the Nirvana song "Rape Me" appears as "Waif Me" in the printed liner notes of the Wal-Mart version.

Botany

In botany, a "waif" is an unusual species found in the wild that is alien and either a) is unsuccessful at reproduction without human intervention, or b) only persists a few generations and disappears. Such a plant never gets "naturalized" in the wild. "Waif flora" also refers to plant species which occur on oceanic islands due to chance long-distance dispersion of seeds. [Henry F. Howe et al, "Ecology of Seed Dispersal", "Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics", 1982]

Fashion

In fashion and related popular culture, the term "waif" has been used to describe an almost unhealthily thin person, usually a woman.

"The waif look" was used in the 1960s to describe thin, large-eyed models such as Twiggy ["She sees nudity as just part of the job", "New York Times", November 20, 1968] ["Twiggy, in Her 'One and Only' Phase", "New York Times", May 10, 1983] and Dorothee Bis. ["Macy's Little Shop" (display ad), "New York Times", October 3, 1968, page 7, and December 22, 1968, page 24] The "gamine" look of the 1950s, associated with actresses like Audrey Hepburn, Leslie Caron and Jean Seberg, was, to some extent, a precursor.

The term "waif" was seemingly ubiquitous in the 1990s, with heroin chic fashion and models like Kate Moss and Jaime King on the runways and in advertisements. Actresses like "Ally McBeal" star Calista Flockhart, Winona Ryder, recently the British actress Keira Knightley and singer Celine Dion have all been pinned with the term.

Although the heroin chic look has gone out of fashion, ["Calvin Klein's new campaign casts off the old stark, dark look and dons a happy, healthy one", "New York Times", February 4, 1998] ["In fashion, no more dirty pictures", "New York Times", February 8, 1998] ["Fashion cracks a smile", "New York Times", November 15, 1998] it still holds some popularity in Hollywood. For example, Wonderbra model Eva Herzigova was criticized over her waif-like figure. "Daily Mirror" columnist Sue Carroll wrote:

In 2006, Madrid's fashion week turned away underweight models, based on their body mass index, after protests that eating disorders develop among young girls and women trying to copy their rail-thin looks.

References

External links

* [http://citypaper.net/articles/040199/style.nineties1.shtml Back in the '90s]
* [http://www.tonight.co.za/index.php?fArticleId=2598119 Tonight: Singer lashes out at the "waifs of Hollywood"]