Almaron Dickinson

Almaron Dickinson (1808 – March 6, 1836) was a Texan soldier and defender during the legendary Battle of the Alamo, fought during the Texas Revolution. Dickinson is best known as having been the artillery officer of the small garrison, and for being the husband of one of the only three non-Mexican survivors to live through the battle, Susannah Dickinson, as well as the father to infant daughter Angelina Elizabeth Dickinson, whose life was also spared.

Early life and becoming a soldier

Dickinson was born in the U.S. state of Tennessee, learning the trade of blacksmithing. He and Susannah Dickinson married when she was just 15, on May 24, 1829, and two years later the couple moved to the Mexican province of Texas, where they became settlers in the Dewitt Colony. Dickinson received a league of land along the San Marcos River, where he started a blacksmith shop, and partnered with George C. Kimble in a hat factory. On December 14, 1834, Angelina Elizabeth was born, which would be the couples only child together. Following a number of Indian raids on settlements, he took part in hunting down hostile Indians shortly thereafter, with his band being led by fellow settler Bart McClure.

In the Fall of 1835, Dickinson served as one of the defenders during the Battle of Gonzales, which marked the beginning of Texas' war for independence. Dickinson served in the artillery, as militia. He then joined a band of volunteers going to defend San Antonio, Texas, and became an aide to General Edward Burleson during the Siege of Bexar, with a rank of Lieutenant in the Texian Army. A few weeks later, his home where Susannah and his daughter had remained was looted by members of a Texas Militia, prompting her to join her husband in San Antonio. The family set up residence in the Musquiz house, on the southwest corner of Portero Street and the Main Plaza. However, when Antonio López de Santa Anna and his troops arrived on February 23, 1836, Dickinson moved his family inside the Alamo.

Battle of the Alamo

Dickinson by this time had the rank of Captain, and was in command of the Alamo garrisons artillery of twenty one cannon. Some accounts list Dickinson with a rank of Leiutenant at the Alamo, but it is believed he was promoted around that time. Leiutenant Colonel William Travis, commander of the garrison, commanded Dickinson and others considered to be regular troops, as well as several bands of volunteers, led by frontiersmen Jim Bowie and Davey Crockett, with a total of between 180 and 250 defenders, historians knowing for certain only that it was not lower than or higher than those two figures, with most believing the number to have been 182. One of the dispatches sent out by Travis gave the figure of 150, and at least 32 others are known to have arrived after that. Antonio Ruiz, the Mayor of San Antonio at the time, said that after the battle the Mexican soldiers burned 182 Alamo defender bodies, and that tends to be the accepted number of how many defenders the garrison had. Santa Anna had under his command between 5,000 and 6,000 Mexican troops. From the time of his arrival, a siege began.

A Mexican bombardment continued through the morning of February 25, 1836. At approximately 10 a.m., about 200–300 Mexican soldiers, primarily cazadores from the Matamoros Battalion, crossed the San Antonio river and took cover in abandoned shacks approximately 90 yards (82 m) to 100 yards (91 m) from the Alamo walls. The Mexican soldiers were intending to use the huts as cover to erect another artillery battery, although many Texians assumed that they actually launching an assault on the fort. Travis called for volunteers to burn the huts, despite the fact that it was broad daylight and they would be within musket range of the Mexican soldiers. Charles Despallier, Robert Brown, James Rose and a few others volunteered for the mission.

To provide cover, Capt. Dickinson and his men fired their 8-lb cannons, filled with grapeshot and canister, at the Mexican soldiers in the huts. Crockett and his men fired rifles, while other Texians reloaded extra weapons for them. Within two hours, the battle was over. As soon as the Texians saw flames erupting from the huts they threw open the Alamo gate, and the Texians re-entered the Alamo, unscathed, although Rose was almost captured by a Mexican officer. The Mexican soldiers retreated, after two of their soldiers were killed and four wounded, while several Texians had been mildly scratched by flying rock.

After learning that James Fannin was not going to the Alamo as reinforcements, and that there would likely be no other reinforcements, a group of 25 men set out from Gonzales at 2 pm on Saturday, February 27. The party would number 32 upon its arrival at the Alamo, and were led by Albert Martin and George Kimbell, the latter of which had been Almaron Dickinson's business partner. As they approached the Alamo in the early morning hours of March 1, a rider appeared in front of them and asked, in English, if they wished to go into the fort. When they said yes, he turned and told them to follow him. When one of the men became suspicious, the rider bolted away. The volunteers were afraid they had been discovered and galloped towards the Alamo. In the darkness, the Texians thought this was a party of Mexican soldiers and fired, wounding one of the volunteers. They finally managed to convince the defenders to open the gates.

At some point, either on March 3 or March 4, 1836, Col. Travis, seeing that their situation was hopeless and their fate set, called the troops of his garrison together. He informed them of the situation, and gave the soldiers the opportunity to either stay or to go at that point. Only one man, Moses Rose, chose to flee, with the rest choosing to remain and fight to the death. Rose would forever, up until present day, be remembered as the "Coward of the Alamo", while Dickinson and the rest of the defenders would achieve immortality as heroes.

Climax of the battle and death

Dickinson survived the battle until its last day. In the early morning hours of March 6, 1836, Santa Anna sent an assault force which breeched the walls of the Alamo on their third charge. Capt. Dickinson had hidden his wife and daughter inside the chapel. By her own account afterward, near the end of the battle Capt. Dickinson rushed into the chapel where she was hiding, saying "Great God, Sue! The Mexicans are inside our walls! All is lost! If they spare you, love our child." Capt. Dickinson then returned to his post. By that time there was intense fighting inside the garrison, which eventually became hand to hand. By reliable Mexican accounts, Capt. Dickinson was one of the last defenders killed in action.

According to the Mexican Army accounts, the last of the Texians to die were the eleven men manning the two 12-lb cannon in the chapel. The entrance to the church had been barricaded with sandbags, which the Texians were able to fire over. A shot from the 18-lb cannon destroyed the barricades, and Mexican soldiers entered the building after firing an initial musket volley. Dickinson's crew fired their cannon from the apse into the Mexican soldiers at the door. With no time to reload, the Texians, including Capt. Dickinson, Gregoria Esparza, and James Bonham, grabbed rifles and fired before being bayoneted to death. Texian Robert Evans was master of ordnance and had been tasked with keeping the gunpowder from falling into Mexican hands. Wounded, he crawled towards the powder magazine but was killed by a musket ball with his torch only inches from the powder. If he had succeeded, the blast would have destroyed the church, killing the women and children hiding in the sacristy as well.

Capt. Dickinson's body was burned along with the other defenders killed during the battle. His young widow Susannah, their daughter Angelina, and a freed former slave to Col. Travis named Joe were spared. It is generally accepted that over the course of the battle, the Mexican forces lost an estimated 400 to 500 soldiers killed, while the Texan defenders suffered a total loss of between 182 and 189. Capt. Dickinson has since, along with many of the other defenders, become a legend in Texas history for the heroic stand.

External links

* [http://www.tamu.edu/ccbn/dewitt/adp/history/bios/dickenson/dickinson_susannah.html Dickinson Biography]
* [http://www.tamu.edu/ccbn/dewitt/alamogarrison.htm#dickerson Lt. Almaron Dickinson]
* [http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/AA/qea2.html Battle of the Alamao, Texas Online, Captain Almaron Dickinson]
* [http://heartofsanantonio.com/alamo/Esparza.html First Hand Alamo Accounts]
* [http://www.texasescapes.com/MurrayMontgomeryLoneStarDiary/Dickinson-n-Kimble-Heroic-Hatmakers-at-Alamo.htm Almaron Dickinson and George Kimble, Heroic Hat Makers of the Alamo]