Psilopterus

Taxobox
name = "Psilopterus"


fossil_range = Middle Oligocene to Late Miocene
regnum = Animalia
phylum = Chordata
classis = Aves
ordo = Gruiformes
familia = Phorusrhacidae
genus = "Psilopterus"
genus_authority = Moreno & Mercerat, 1891
subdivision_ranks = Species
subdivision =
* "P. bachmani" (Moreno & Mercerat, 1891) (type)
* "P. lemoinei" (Moreno & Mercerat, 1891)
* "P. affinis" (Ameghino, 1899)
* "P. colzecus" Tonni & Tambussi, 1988
synonyms =
* "Pelecyornis" Ameghino, 1891
* "Staphylornis" Mercerat, 1897

"Psilopterus" (Greek for "bare wing") is an extinct genus of phorusrhacid ("terror bird") from the Middle Oligocene to Late Miocene of Argentina. Compared to other phorusrhacids, members of the genus are both relatively gracile and diminutive, and include the smallest known species of terror bird: with the head raised "P. bachmanni" was convert|70|-|80|cm|ft|sp=us in height and weighed about convert|5|kg|lb, while the largest members of the genus were only about convert|7|kg|lb|sp=us. The birds resemble the modern cariama ("Cariama cristata"), except with a heavier build and considerably smaller wings.cite journal | last = Alvarenga | first = Herculano M. F. | coauthors = Höfling, Elizabeth | year = 2003 | title = Systematic Revision of the Phorusrhacidae (Aves: Ralliformes) | journal = Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia | volume = 43 | issue = 4 | pages = 55–91 | url = http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0031-10492003000400001 | format = pdf | issn = 0031-1049 | doi = 10.1590/S0031-10492003000400001] The strong morphological similarity between the claws of the predatory cariama and "Psilopterus", both of which are sharp, curved, and laterally compressed, may indicate they were used to strike prey. In contrast to the other, larger terror birds, Tonni and Tambussi also suggested "Psilopterus" could use their claws to climb trees, and could even fly, but this has been rejected in more recent literature.

Description and taxonomy

The most recent systematic revision of Phorusrhacidae placed "Psilopterus" within the Psilopterinae subfamily, along with the "Procariama" and "Paleopsilopterus" genera, and divided "Psilopterus" into four species.

"P. bachmanni"

"Psilopterus bachmanni" (Moreno & Mercerat, 1891)cite journal | last = Moreno | first = Francisco P. | coauthors = Mercerat, Alcides | year = 1891 | title = Catálogo de los pájaros fósiles de la República Argentina conservados en el Museo de La Plata | journal = Anales del Museo de La Plata | volume = 1 | issue = | pages = 7–71 | doi = | language = Spanish] is the smallest species of phorusrhacid, rivaled only by "P. affinis". The species (and genera) is defined by the upper portion of a fused ankle and leg bone (the lectotype MLP-168 is a tarsometatarsus). Other material assigned the species includes additional leg bones that are probably from the same bird,cite journal | last = Richmond | first = Charles W. | year = 1902 | title = List of generic terms proposed for birds during the years 1890 to 1900, inclusive, to which are added names omitted by Waterhouse in his 'Index generum avium' | journal = Proceedings | publisher = United States National Museum | volume = 24 | issue = | pages = 663–730 | doi =] and an almost complete skeleton (PUM-15.904)cite journal | last = Sinclair | first = W. | coauthors = Farr, M. | year = 1932 | title = Aves of the Santa Cruz beds | journal = Reports of the Princeton University expeditions to Patagonia (1896–1899) | volume = 7 | issue = | pages = 157–191 | doi =] The material is from several sites in the Santa Cruz Province of Argentina dating to the Middle Miocene (Santacrucian). The most important diagnostic characteristics are a low skull and upper jaw (or maxilla; similar to the mesembriornithine phorusrhacids) and the extreme slant of the front edge of the hole just before the eye (rostal portion of the antorbital fenestra), though there are also differences in the rest of the skeleton.

Synonyms:Per Alvarenga & Höfling (2003), who rely on Brodkorb (1967).]
* "Psilopterus bachmanni" (Moreno & Mercerat, 1891)
* "Patagornis bachmanni" Moreno & Mercerat, 1891
* "Psilopterus communis" Moreno & Mercerat, 1891
* "Psilopterus intermedius" Moreno & Mercerat, 1891
* "Phororhacos delicatus" Amegino, 1891Brodkorb considered "Psilopterus minutus" Amerghino, 1981 a separate species,cite journal | last = Brodkorb | first = Pierce | year = 1967 | title = Catalogue of fossil birds, Part III (Ralliformes, Ichthyornithiformes, Charadriiformes) | journal = Bulletin of Florida State Museum | volume = 2 | issue = | pages = 99–220| doi =] but the incomplete foot bone (tarsometatarsus) is indistinguishable from "P. bachmanni".

"P. lemoinei"

"Psilopterus lemoinei" (Moreno & Mercerat, 1891) is contemporaneous with "P. bachmanni" and likely filled a very similar ecological niche, though "P. lemoinei" is slightly larger, with an estimated weigh approaching convert|7|kg|lb. The species is defined by part of a lower leg bone (the lectotype, MLP-162, is the distal end of a tibiotarsus), but a wide variety of material has been referred to the taxon. This material has been found at a number of sites in the Santa Cruz Province of Argentina that are dated to the Middle Miocene (Santacrucian). Diagnostic characteristics include a higher skull and upper jaw (maxilla), and the front portion of the hole in front of the eyes (rostral edge of the antorbital fenestra) is less slanted. Additional differences in the remainder of the skeleton are noted in Sinclair and Farr (1932). A number of discrepancies between various specimens have been attributed to differences in age or sex, but material currently assigned to "P. lemonei" and "P. bachmanni" may be reclassified at the species level if reexamined in depth.

Synonyms:
* "Patagornis lemoinei" Moreno & Mercerat, 1891
* "Psilopterus australis" Moreno & Mercerat, 1891
* "Pelecyornis tubulatus" Ameghino, 1895 (synonym of "Psilopterus australis")
* "Phororhacos modicus" Ameghino, 1895
* "Staphylornis gallardoi" Mercerat, 1897 (possible synonym of "Psilopterus australis")
* "Staphylornis erythacus" Mercerat, 1897 (possible synonym of "Psilopterus australis")
* "Pelecyornis tenuirostris" Sinclair & Farr, 1932 (synonym of "Psilopterus australis")

"P. affinus"

"Psilopterus affinus" (Ameghino, 1899)cite journal | last = Ameghino | first = Florentino | year = 1899 | title = Sinopsis geológico-paleontológica, Suplemento (Adiciones y correciones) | location = La Plata | pages = 13 pp | doi = | language = Spanish] is the most poorly known species of terror bird, represented only by part of a leg bone (tarsometatarsus, MACN-A-52-184) which indicates the bird was very close to "P. bachmanni" in size. "P. affinus" is one of several species known from fragmentary material found in 1899 in the Chubut Province of Argentina (Patagonia), in rocks which dated to the Middle to Late Oligocene (Deseadan). Additional specimens might help clarify the taxonomy of the four apparently unrelated species. "P. affinus" was originally assigned to the "Phororhacos" genus despite the difference in size, and is distinguished from "P. bachmanni" by a groove on the leg bone. Brodkorb assigned the species to "Andrewsornis" in 1967, but this is no longer considered accurate.

"P. colzecus"

The most recently discovered species in the genus, "Psilopterus colzecus" Tonni & Tambussi, 1988, is similar to "P. lemoinei" in size. Known only from a single incomplete skeleton that includes parts of the jaw, arm, and leg (holotype MLP-76-VI-12-2), the species is defined by a groove in the front of the thigh bone (trochlea). The elements were found in the Buenos Aires Province of Argentina and are dated to the Late Miocene (Chasicóan).cite journal | last = Tonni | first = Eduardo P. | coauthors = Tambussi, Claudia | year = 1988 | title = Un nuevo Psilopterinae (Aves:Ralliformes) del Mioceno tardio de la Provincia de Buenos Aires,Republica Argentina | journal = Ameghiniana | volume = 25 | issue = | pages = 155–160 | doi = | language = Spanish]

References

External links

* [http://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id470060/ Genus Taxonomy]