Sergio Méndez Arceo

Sergio Méndez Arceo (b. Tlalpan 1907 - d. Morelos 1992) was a Mexican Bishop, activist and human rights supporter. A product of a wealthy family, Méndez Arceo's father was a successful lawyer, his uncle a prominent archbishop believed to be involved in the church-state conflict of the 1920s.cite book|title=Mexico's Mandarins: Crafting a Power Elite for the Twenty-first Century |first=Roderic Ai |last=Camp |pages=76, 112 |year=2002 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=0520233433] Méndez Arceo graduated the Pontifical Gregorian University of Rome and served as a professor in Seminary of Mexico.cite book|title=A History of the Church in Latin America |first=Enrique |last=Dussel |pages=190 |year=1981 |publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans |isbn=0802821316] He became bishop of Cuernavaca, Morelos, in 1953 and served in that capacity until 1983.cite book|title=Ethnology |first=John D. |last=Monaghan |coauthor=Barbara Edmonson |pages=126 |year=2000 |publisher=University of Texas Press |isbn=0292708815]

Basic ecclesial communities

Sergio Méndez Arceo was Bishop of the Cuernavaca diocese in the Mexican state of Morelos. Méndez Arceo is often cited as the force behind Basic ecclesial communities (Spanish: "Comunidades Eclesiales de Base") (CEB) growth in Mexico during the 1970s. While the groups founding in Mexico are dated to 1967 under Méndez Arceo,cite book|title=The Church at the Grassroots in Latin America: Perspectives on Thirty Years of Activism |first=John |last=Burdick |coauthor=Warren Edward Hewitt |pages=40, 44 |year=2000 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=0275966593] by the 1970s CEBs were operating through all of Mexico, 70% in rural regions with the remainder in working class urban areas.cite book|title=Crossing Swords: Politics and Religion in Mexico |first=Roderic Ai |last=Camp |pages=91, 92, 30 |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1997 |isbn=0195107845] Méndez Arceo and the CEB's often removed the emphasis on the church's hierarchy; instead pushing for a greater dialogue between church leaders, non-clergy members and the members of the surrounding community. Members of the CEB's would meet with priests and discuss issues they felt needed attention; social, political and economic issues. Following the meetings, priests would then meet with Méndez Arceo weekly to discuss possible solutions to the issues of the members of the community. The growth of CEB's in Mexico is often cited as a reason for Cuernavaca being the focal point of renovation in the church. Méndez Arceo is quoted as saying; cquote|"I can assure you that all my actions have been motivated by the conviction that I cannot abandon my fellow man, my brothers, that I must bear witness to the fact that a true Christian has the obligation to condemn any form of injustice, particularly the sort of injustice which becomes a veritable institution, the prevailing order of things"cite book|title=Massacre in Mexico |first=Elena |last=Poniatowska |pages=143 |year=1992 |publisher=University ofMissouri Press |isbn=0826208177]

CIDOC

Méndez Arceo supported Ivan Illich, an Austrian philosopher, in setting up the Intercultural Documentation Center (Spanish: "Centro Intercultural de Documentación") (CIDOC) at his diocese in Cuernavaca in 1961. Illich is stated as having pronounced to Méndez Arceo; "I would like to start, under your auspices, a center for de-Yankeefication."cite book|title=Figures in the Carpet: Finding the Human Person in the American Past |first=Wilfred M. |last=McClay |pages=332 |year=2007 |publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans |isbn=0802863116] The Center official was a research center offering language courses to missionaries from North America and volunteers of the Alliance for Progress program. Illich however was stated as having the goal of countering the participation of the Vatican in the "modern development" of the Third World. He believed that the Church should view themselves as guests of the host country, and through the center relayed this belief as teachings. The conservative members of the Church however denounced the school, and for a time forbade clery from studying at the location.cite book|title=Truth and Lies in Literature: Essays and Reviews |first=Stephen |last=Vizinczey |pages=301 |year=1988 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=0226858847] The ban however was altered following Méndez Arceo's trip to Rome where he pleaded the case of the CIDOC, priests and nuns may study at the CIDOC as long as their superiors monitor their progress.cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,901309,00.html |publisher=Time Magazine |date=August 29, 1969 |title=A Joyful Place |author Time Magazine]

Liberation theology

Sergio Méndez Arceo is a believer in liberation theology, a belief which as lead him to be named the "Red Bishop," for being a "scandalous supporter of socialism." Méndez Arceo was a believer in socialism and in 1970 publicly stated Christianity and socialism could co-exist. In 1970, Méndez Arceo encouraged then president of Mexico Luis Echeverría to form a committee of notable citizens to examine Mexico's most serious social and economic problems. Echeverría viewed Méndez Arceo as the foremost proponent of liberation theology and favored his emphasis of redistribution of wealth to the poor. Echeverría believed the clergy could help the people of Mexico learn the best means of organizing themselves in a capitalist society. The means of organizing in Méndez Arceo's view was labor unions, what he viewed as "essential to the base of community organizing." For the workers whom Méndez Arceo provided support for in his Sunday homilies, his title was Don Sergio, a honorific title in the Spanish language.

In April 1972, Méndez Arceo attended the Christians for Socialism conference in Santiago de Chile, the only member of the Mexican episcopate to attend. The conference was the first continent-wide gathering of its kind, composed of Catholics and Protestants. It is stated the conference members were composed of the most radical of those involved in liberal theology and attempted to find a synthesis between Christianity and socialism. The gathering was soon after banned by the Chilean episcopate.cite book|title=The War of Gods: Religion and Politics in Latin America |first=Michael |last=Löwy |pages=47 |year=1996 |publisher=Verso |isbn=1859840027] Méndez Arceo was noted as stating he believed Marxism was the only solution for Latin America.cite book|title=Tumultuous Times: The Twenty General Councils of the Catholic Church |first=Francisco |last=Radecki |pages=323 |year=2004 |publisher=St. Joseph's Media |isbn=0971506108]

Méndez Arceo founded the Center for Meetings and Dialogue (CED) in Cuernavaca upon his retirement, to serve as an umbrella organization for other Morelos social and activist programs. The role of the CED was to help assist in the continuation of his life work in the field of liberation theology. Today, the CED "provides a regional mechanism for progressive popular organizations" as well as housing state wide meetings in various fields such as women's empowerment, human rights, education, and environmental protection.cite book|title=Mexican Social Movements and the Transition to Democracy
first=John |last=Stolle-McAllister |pages=185 |year=2004 |publisher=McFarland |isbn=0786419997]

Human rights

Sergio Méndez Arceo was an advocate of the Vatican II principles, which moved for changes in ritual distribution of the sacraments, deemphasis on saints, more studying of the bible, and sociological studies to aid ecclesiastical organization. Méndez Arceo attempted unsuccessfully to have the Mexican Conference of Bishops explore the violent suppression of the student movements in 1968. As an individual without the support of the church, Méndez Arceo assisted the imprisoned students, often called political prisoners, following the Tlatelolco Plaza massacre. In January 1970 Méndez Arceo informed the episcopate and fellow bishops of the condition of those prisoners; the episcopate made no references to the massacre itself or the outcome. Méndez Arceo was also involved in other areas of social movements in Mexico such as striking Cuernavaca workers and guerrillas from Guerrero. The inaction by the episcopate against what was viewed as rampant social repression, is believed to be what sparked many individual clergy and Jesuits, and the episcopate's social secretariat, to shift from elite education to social action programs.

Méndez Arceo visited Cuba where he received the Orden de la Solidaridad from Fidel Castro, for his "merit in the struggle against imperialism, colonialism, neocolonialism and other forms of exploitation." Following Méndez Arceo's trip to Cuba, he began supporting "democratic socialism."cite book|title=Triumphs and Tragedy: A History of the Mexican People |first=Ramón Eduardo |last=Ruiz |pages=473 |year=1992 |publisher=W. W. Norton & Company |isbn=0393310663]

Criticism

It is believed that Sergio Méndez Arceo's actions and views made him too controversial, to the point that it limited his ability to form collegiality with other Mexican bishops and the episcopate. It is often charged that Méndez Arceo politicized his diocese and its communities, and in doing so was opposed to the government. Roderic Ai Camp in "Crossing Swords: Politics and Religion in Mexico" states that this is wrong, and asserts "empirical data ... states that religion in Cuernavaca is associated with increased PRI support." The Institutional Revolutionary Party (Spanish: "Partido Revolucionario Institucional") (PRI), being the then ruling party. In 1983 Méndez Arceo retired, the Vatican shortly after sent unsympathetic bishops to reverse much of Méndez Arceo's work. Juan Jesús Posadas Ocampo, following Méndez Arceo's retirement, replaced 25 bishops in a course of two months. Méndez Arceo was succeeded by Samuel Ruiz.

It later become known that the United States Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) produced a report on Méndez Arceo stating he was friendly to the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front (Spanish: "Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional") (FMLN) of El Salvador and the Sandinista National Liberation Front (Spanish: "Frente Sandinista de Liberación Nacional")(FSLN) of Nicaragua. The FBI further alleged Méndez Arceo's diocese collected intelligence, bought and sold guns, and served as couriers for communist guerrillas of El Salvador. Méndez Arceo was further accused of being a contacted by the Soviet Union Committee for State Security (Russian: "Komityet Gosudarstvennoy Bezopasnosti") (KGB) and Cuban General Intelligence Directorate (Spanish: "Dirección General de Inteligencia") (DGI).cite book|title=Break-Ins, Death Threats and the FBI : The Covert War Against the Central America Movement |first=Ross |last=Gelbspan |pages=98 |year=1991 |publisher=South End Press |isbn=0896084124]

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