Installation art

Installation art uses sculptural materials and other media to modify the way a particular space is experienced. Installation art is not necessarily confined to gallery spaces and can be any material intervention in everyday public or private spaces.

Installation art incorporates almost any media to create an experience in a particular environment. Materials used in contemporary installation art range from everyday and natural materials to new media such as video, sound, performance, immersive virtual reality and the internet. Some installations are site-specific in that they are designed to only exist in the space for which they were created.

History

This genre of contemporary art came to prominence in the 1970s. Many trace the roots of this form of art to earlier artists such as Marcel Duchamp and his use of the readymade or to Kurt Schwitters' "Merz" art objects, rather than more traditional craft based sculpture. The intention of the artist is paramount in much later installation art whose roots lie in the conceptual art of the 1960s. This again is a departure from traditional sculpture which places its focus on form. Early non-Western installation art includes events staged by the Gutai group in Japan starting in 1954, which influenced American installation pioneers like Allan Kaprow.

"Installation" as nomenclature for a specific form of art came into use fairly recently; its first use as documented by the OED was in 1969. It was coined in this context in reference to a form of art that had arguably existed since prehistory but was not regarded as a discrete category until the mid-twentieth century. Allan Kaprow used the term “Environment” in 1958 (Kaprow 6) to describe his transformed indoor spaces; this later joined such terms as “project art” and “temporary art.”

Essentially, installation/environmental art takes into account the viewer’s entire sensory experience, rather than floating framed points of focus on a “neutral” wall or displaying isolated objects (literally) on a pedestal. This leaves space and time as its only dimensional constants. This implies dissolution of the line between art and life; Kaprow noted that “if we bypass ‘art’ and take nature itself as a model or point of departure, we may be able to devise a different kind of art… out of the sensory stuff of ordinary life” (Kaprow 12).

The conscious act of artistically addressing all the senses with regard to the viewer’s experience in totality made a resounding debut in 1849 when Richard Wagner conceived of a "Gesamtkunstwerk", or an operatic work for the stage that drew inspiration from ancient Greek theater in its inclusion of all the major art forms: painting, writing, music, etc. (Britannica) In devising operatic works to commandeer the audience’s senses, Wagner left nothing unobserved: architecture, ambience, and even the audience itself were considered and manipulated in order to achieve a state of total artistic immersion.

In “Art and Objecthood,” Michael Fried derisively labels art that acknowledges the viewer as “theatrical” (Fried 45). There is a strong parallel between installation and theater: both play to a viewer who is expected to be at once immersed in the sensory/narrative experience that surrounds him and maintain a degree of self-identity as a viewer. The traditional theatergoer does not forget that he has come in from outside to sit and take in a created experience; a trademark of installation art has been the curious and eager viewer, still aware that he is in an exhibition setting and tentatively exploring the novel universe of the installation. A number of institutions focusing on Installation art were created from the 1980s onwards, suggesting the need for Installation to be seen as a separate discipline. These included the Mattress Factory, Pittsburgh and the Museum of Installation, London, among others.

The artist and critic Ilya Kabakov mentions this essential phenomenon in the introduction to his lectures “On the “Total” Installation:” “ [One] is simultaneously both a ‘victim’ and a viewer, who on the one hand surveys and evaluates the installation, and on the other, follows those associations, recollections which arise in him [;] he is overcome by the intense atmosphere of the total illusion” (Kabakov 256). Here installation art bestows an unprecedented importance on the observer’s inclusion in that which he observes. The expectations and social habits that the viewer takes with him into the space of the installation will remain with him as he enters, to be either applied or negated once he has taken in the new environment. What is common to nearly all installation art is a consideration of the experience in toto and the problems it may present, namely the constant conflict between disinterested criticism and sympathetic involvement. Television and video offer immersive experiences, but their unrelenting control over the rhythm of passing time and the arrangement of images precludes an intimately personal viewing experience (Kabakov 257). Ultimately, the only things a viewer can be assured of when experiencing the work are his own thoughts and preconceptions and the basic rules of space and time. All else may be molded by the artist’s hands.

The central importance of the subjective point of view when experiencing installation art, points toward a disregard for traditional Platonic image theory. In effect, the entire installation adopts the character of the simulacrum or flawed statue: it neglects any ideal form in favor of optimizing its direct appearance to the observer. Installation art operates fully within the realm of sensory perception, in a sense “installing” the viewer into an artificial system with an appeal to his subjective perception as its ultimate goal.

Interactive installations

"Interactive installation" is a branch off the installation arts category. Usually, an interactive installation will often involve the audience acting on it or the piece responding to the user’s activity. There are several kinds of interactive installations produced, these include web-based installations, gallery based installations, digital based installations, electronic based installations, etc. Interactive installations are mostly seen from the 1990s, when artists are more interested in the participation of the audiences where the meaning of the installation is generated.

With the improvement of technology over the years, artists are more able to explore outside of the boundaries that were never able to be explored by artists in the past. The media used are more experimental and bold; they are also usually cross media and may involve sensors, which plays on the reaction to the audiences’ movement when looking at the installations. By using virtual Reality as a medium, immersive virtual reality art is probably the most deeply interactive form of art.At the turn of a new century, there is a trend of interactive installations using video, film, sound and sculpture.

Contemporary installation artists

*Marina Abramović
*Vito Acconci
*Gustavo Aguerre
*Artur Barrio
*Sylvie Bélanger
*Maurice Benayoun
*Guillaume Bijl
*Christian Boltanski
*Christoph Büchel
*Stefano Cagol
*Janet Cardiff
*Marco Casagrande
*The Chapman Brothers
*Judy Chicago
*Christo and Jeanne-Claude
*Mark Divo
*Olafur Eliasson
*Shahram Entekhabi
*Ingrid Falk
*John Fekner
*James Robert Ford
*Ignazio Fresu
*Bernhard Gal
*Valery Grancher
*Ann Hamilton
*Mona Hatoum
*Gottfried Helnwein
*Robert Irwin
*Mark Jenkins
*Nicole Jolicoeur
*Ilya Kabakov
*Jonathon Keats
*Ed Kienholz
*Meeli Kõiva
*Barbara Kruger
*Matthieu Laurette
*Lennie Lee
*Richard Long
*Mary Lucier
*David Mach
*John K. Melvin
*Annette Messager
*Youri Messen-Jaschin
*Orlando Mohorovic
*Cornelia Parker
*Judy Pfaff
*Liz Phillips
*Maria Reidelbach
*Rene Rietmeyer
*Ken Rinaldo
*Don Ritter
*David Rokeby
*Sandy Skoglund
*Patrice Stellest
*Nathaniel Stern
*Massimo Taccon
*James Turrell
*Bill Viola
*Banks Violette
*Matej Andraz Vogrincic
*Elisabeth Wierzbicka Wela
*gelitin

ee also

*Appropriation (art)
*Art intervention
*Burning Man
*Classificatory disputes about art
*Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival
*Conceptual art
*Environmental sculpture
*Found art
*Interactive art
*Modern art
*Neo-conceptual art
*Performance art
*Sound art
*Sound installation
*Street installations
*Video installation

Bibliography

* Bishop, Claire. Installation Art a Critical History. London: Tate, 2005.
* Coulter-Smith, Graham. Deconstructing Installation Art. [http://www.installationart.net Online resource]
* de Oliveira, Nicolas and Oxley, Nicola. 'Installation art', London: Thames & Hudson and Smithsonian Institute, 1994. ISBN 0-500-23672-0
* de Oliveira, Nicolas and Oxley, Nicola, 'Installation art in the New Millennium: Empire of the Senses', London: Thames & Hudson, 2003. ISBN 0-500-23808-1
* Fried, Michael. “Art and Objecthood.” In Art and Objecthood: Essays and Reviews. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998.
* “Installation [Environment] .” Grove Art Encyclopedia. 2006. Grove Art Online. 30 January 2006 [http://www.groveart.com/shared/views/article.html?section=art.041385] .
* “Installation.” Oxford English Dictionary. 2006. Oxford English Dictionary Online. 30 January 2006 [http://dictionary.oed.com/] .
* “Install, v.” Oxford English Dictionary. 2006. Oxford English Dictionary Online. 30 January 2006 [http://dictionary.oed.com/] .
* Kabakov, Ilya. On the “Total” Installation. Ostfildern, Germany: Cantz, 1995, 243-260.
* Kaprow, Allan. “Notes on the Creation of a Total Art.” In Essays on the Blurring of Art and Life, ed. Jeff Kelley. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003. ISBN 0-520-24079-0
* "opera." Britannica Student Encyclopedia. 2006. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 15 February 2006 [http://search.eb.com/ebi/article-205952] .
* Reiss, Julie H. From Margin to Center: The Spaces of Installation Art. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2001. ISBN 0-262-68134-X
* Rosenthal, Mark. Understanding Installation Art: From Duchamp to Holzer. Munich: Prestel Verlag, 2003. ISBN 3-791-32984-7

External links

* [http://the-artists.org/MovementView.cfm?id=8A01EE85%2DBBCF%2D11D4%2DA93500D0B7069B40 Installation artists and art...the-artists.org]
* [http://dmoz.org/Arts/Visual_Arts/Installation_Art/Artists/ Open Directory: Installation artists]
* [http://dmoz.org/Arts/Visual_Arts/Sculpture/Installations/ Open Directory: Sculpture Installation]

;Contemporary installation organizations and museums
* [http://www.canadianclayandglass.ca/ The Canadian Clay & Glass Gallery]
* [http://warFire.org WarFire Public Art and Placemaking]
* [http://www.mattress.org/ The Mattress Factory Art Museum]
* [http://www.diacenter.org/bindex.html Dia-Beacon Riggio Galleries]
* [http://www.medicinefactory.org/ Medicine Factory]
* [http://www.massmoca.org/ The Massachusetts Museum of Contemporary Art]

;Installation art
* [http://www.zkm.de Media art center, Karlsruhe Germany] one of the biggest center with a permanent collection of interactive installations.
* [http://www.file.org.br Electronic Language International Festival] Interactive art installations and New media art.