AGM-129 ACM

Infobox Weapon
is_missile=yes
name=AGM-129 Advanced Cruise Missile


caption=AGM-129A at the National Museum Of The AirForce
origin=
type=Cruise Missile
used_by=
manufacturer=Raytheon Missile Systems
unit_cost=
propellant=
production_date=July 1985
service=June 1990
engine=Williams International F112-WR-100 Turbofan
engine_power=
weight=3,500 lb (1,334 kg)
length=20 ft 10 in (6.35 m)
height=
diameter=2 ft 5 in (705 mm)
wingspan=10 ft 2 in (3.1 m)
speed=500 mph (800 km/h)
vehicle_range=2,000 nautical miles (3,704 km)
ceiling=
altitude=
filling=W80-1 nuclear warhead
guidance=Inertial guidance system enhanced with LIDAR Terrain Contour Matching (TERCOM).
detonation=
launch_platform=B-52 Stratofortress

The Raytheon AGM-129 ACM (Advanced Cruise Missile) is a low observable, sub-sonic, turbo-fan powered, air-launched cruise missile built by Raytheon Missile Systems. The AGM-129A is carried exclusively by the US Air Force's B-52H Stratofortress bombers.

Development

In 1982 the US Air Force began studies for a new cruise missile with low-observable characteristics after it became clear that the AGM-86B cruise missile would have difficulty penetrating future air defense systems. The AGM-86B relied on low-altitude flight to penetrate the Soviet air defense system centered on surface to air missiles. The deployment of the airborne early warning systems with"look down" radars reduced the likelihood that the low-altitude AGM-86B would reach its target.

The solution was to incorporate various "low-observable" ('stealth') technologies into a new "Advanced Cruise Missile" system.

Design

In 1983 General Dynamics Convair Division (GD/C) was awarded a development contract for the AGM-129A. The AGM-129A incorporated body shaping and forward swept wings to reduce the missile's radar cross section. The engine air intake was flush mounted on the bottom of the missile to further improve radar cross section. The jet engine exhaust was shielded by the tail and cooled by a diffuser to reduce the infra-red signature of the missile. To reduce electronic emissions from the missile, the radar used in the AGM-86B was replaced with a combination of inertial navigation and Light Detection and Ranging LIDAR terrain contour matching TERCOM enhanced with highly accurate speed updates provided by a laser Doppler velocimeter.

These changes made the AGM-129A more difficult to detect and allowed the missile to be flown at higher altitude. The newer Williams International F112-WR-100 turbofan engine increased range by about 50%. The newer guidance system, increased accuracy to a quoted figure of between 30 m (100 ft) and 90 m (300 ft).

The AGM-129A like the AGM-86B is armed with a W80-1 variable yield nuclear warhead.

The first test missile flew in July 1985 and the first production missiles were delivered to the US Air Force in 1987. The development program experienced software problems, quality control problems, scheduling problems, and testing mishaps. US Congressman Les Aspin called the ACM a procurement disaster with the worst problems of any of the eight strategic weapons programs his committee had reviewed. The US Congress zeroed out funding for the ACM program in 1989. Design and quality problems led the US Air Force to stop missile deliveries in 1989 and 1991. McDonnell Douglas was invited to qualify as a second source for missile production. In early 1989, the United States requested and received permission to test the AGM-129A in Canada.

Plans called for producing enough missiles to replace the approximately 1,461 AGM-86B's at a rate of 40 missiles per year after full-rate production was achieved in 1993. In January 1992, the end of the Cold War led US President George H.W. Bush to announce a major cutback in total ACM procurement. The President determined that only 640 missiles were needed. The ACM program was later reduced still further to 520 missiles. In August 1992 General Dynamics sold its missile business to Hughes Aircraft Corporation. Five years later in 1997, Hughes Aircraft Corporation sold its aerospace and defense business to the final production contractor Raytheon.

The US Air Force pushed for production of a AGM-129B variant for targets for which the AGM-129A was considered ineffective. The US Air Force submitted this requirement in 1985 and proposed to modify 120 missiles into the AGM-129B variant. In 1991 the US Congress denied the request and the US Air Force was forced to terminate the program. In 1992, the US Air Force was directed by the US Department of Defense to restart the program, an effort which was opposed by the General Accounting Office of the US Congress. Confusion exists as to precisely how this weapon is different from the original. The Department of Defense document DoD 4120.15-L "Model Designation of Military Aerospace Vehicles" states that the AGM-129B was a AGM-129A "modified with structural and software changes and an alternate nuclear warhead for accomplishing a classified cruise missile mission." However, Ozu states the AGM-129B was intended to be a non-nuclear version of the ACM, much as the nuclear AGM-86B led to the conventional AGM-86C. Some reportswhich ones claim that the AGM-129B was actually produced, others that it was cancelled before production began.Fact|date=January 2008

Operational History

The B-52H bomber can carry up to six AGM-129A missiles on each of two external pylons for a total of 12 per aircraft. The AGM-129A provides the bomber the ability to attack multiple targets without penetrating an air defense system.

An AGM-129A impacted the United States Army Dugway Proving Ground on December 10, 1997. The missile damaged two unoccupied trailers that were part of a cosmic ray observatory. The AGM-129A was released over the Utah Test and Training Range from a B-52H bomber assigned to Minot Air Force Base, North Dakota. The missile had flown for approximately 3.5 hours on its planned route and had fulfilled all test objectives prior to the mishap. The missile was carrying an inert test payload.

In March 2007, despite a Service Life Extension program (SLEP) intended to extend its operational usefulness to 2030, the USAF announced that it will retire its entire inventory of AGM-129 missiles. [cite web | url=http://www.designation-systems.net/dusrm/m-129.html | title=Raytheon (General Dynamics) AGM-129 ACM | publisher=Designation-Systems.Net | accessdate=2007-09-05 ] The Air Force in 2008 maintains an arsenal of 1,140 AGM-86 ALCMs and 460 AGM-129 ACMs. The B-52 is the only platform for these missiles. The reductions also include all but 528 nuclear-armed ALCMs and are in part a result of the Moscow Treaty requirement to get below 2,200 deployed nuclear weapons by 2012, with the ACM chosen because it has reliability issues and higher maintenance costs. ["AIR FORCE Magazine", August, 2007.]

On August 30, 2007 twelve ACMs loaded on a B-52 were flown across the United States from Minot Air Force Base in North Dakota to Barksdale Air Force Base, Louisiana, in order to be decommissioned. However, the nuclear warheads which should have been removed before the flight were mistakenly left installed on six of the ACMs. For 36 hours the nuclear weapons were unaccounted for, which has led to an investigation of the incident. [cite web | url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/09/22/AR2007092201447.html | title=Missteps in the Bunker | first=Joby | last=Warrick | coauthors = Walter Pincus | date=2007-09-23 | publisher=The Washington Post | accessdate=2007-09-24 ]

Variants

*AGM-129A - 461 missiles produced. ["Gallery of USAF Weapons", 2008 Almanac, "AIR FORCE Magazine", May 2008, p.155.]
*AGM-129B - Unknown.

Operators

;USA
* US Air Force

urvivors

*AGM-129A located in the National Museum of the United States Air Force, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio
*AGM-129A located in the Strategic Air and Space Museum, Ashland, Nebraska

ee also

aircontent
related=
similar aircraft=
sequence=
* AGM-122 - AGM-123 - AGM-124 - AGM-129 - AGM-130 - AGM-131 SRAM II - AGM-136
lists=
see also=

* Missile of the same class
** Ra'ad (Pakistan)
** TAURUS KEPD 350 (Germany/Sweden)
** Storm Shadow (France/UK)

References

Notes

# "Alleged violations of the Antideficiency Act in the Air Force’s procurement of advanced cruise missiles."FILE B-255831, Office of the General Counsel, United States General Accounting Office.
# "Nuclear Weapons of the United States", James N. Gibson, Schiffer Publishing Ltd, Atglen, Pennsylvania, 2000 ISBN 0-7643-0063-6
# "Missile 2000 - Reference Guide to World Missile Systems", Hajime Ozu, Shinkigensha, Tokyo, 2000 (Japanese)
# "2003-2004 Weapons File", United States Air Force, Eglin Air Force Base, 2003 [http://www.dtic.mil/matris/sbir/sbir041/srch/af276.pdf]
# "Sandia Engineers test cruise missile to qualify W80-3 in electromagnetic environments", Sandia Lab News", April 14, 2006.
# "ACC releases Advanced Cruise Missile accident investigation report", Air Force News Service, July 10, 1998.
# "AGM-129A Description Board", National Museum of the Air Force, Aug 18, 2007.
# "The USAF and the Cruise Missile", Technology and the Air Force A Retrospective Assessment, Air Force History and Museums Program, 1997
# "Model Designation of Military Aerospace Vehicles", DoD 4120.15-L, Department of Defense, 2004

Books

* cite book
last = Gibson
first = James N.
coauthors =
year = 2000
title = Nuclear Weapons of the United States: An Illustrated History
publisher = Schiffer Publishing
location =
id = ISBN 0764300636

External links

* [http://www.af.mil/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=3548 AGM-129A Advanced Cruise Missile Air Force Factsheet]
* [http://dsp-psd.pwgsc.gc.ca/Collection-R/LoPBdP/MR/mr114-e.htm Cruise Missile Testing in Canada: The Post-Cold War Debate]
* [http://www.designation-systems.net/dusrm/m-129.html Designation Systems]