Cytoarchitectonics

Cytoarchitectonics (gross anatomy, topography, receptor-binding autoradiography, immunohistochemistry, etc.), by obtaining sections of the brain and staining them with chemical agents that reveal how "nerve cell bodies" (or "neurons") are "stacked" into layers. The study of the parcellation of "nerve fibers" (primarily "axons") into layers forms the subject of myeloarchitectonics (The birth of the cytoarchitectonics of the human cerebral cortex is credited to the Viennese psychiatrist Theodor Meynert (1833-1892), who in 1867 noticed regional variations in the histological structure of different parts of the gray matter in the cerebral hemispheres. [Meynert, T. (1872) "Der Bau der Gross-Hirnrinde und seine örtlichen Verschiedenheiten, nebst einem pathologisch–anatomischen Corollarium". J.H. Heuser’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Neuwied & Leipzig.] Other brain scientists who subsequently contributed further classic studies on cortical cytoarchitectonics are: Englishman Alfred Walter Campbell (1868-1937), [Campbell, A.W. (1903) Histological studies on cerebral localisation. "Proceedings of the Royal Society of London 72:" 488-492.] who presented a system of cortical parcellation into 14 areas; Sir Grafton Elliot Smith (1871-1937), a New South Wales native working in Cairo, with observations identifying 50 areas; [Elliot Smith, G. (1907) A new topographical survey of the human cerebral cortex, being an account of the distribution of the anatomically distinct cortical areas and their relationship to the cerebral sulci. "Journal of Anatomy and Physiology (London) 41:" 237-254.] Korbinian Brodmann (1868-1918) in Berlin, working on the brains of diverse mammalian species and developing a division of the cerebral cortex into 52 discrete areas (of which 44 in the human, and the remaining 8 in non-human primate brain); [Brodmann, K. (1909) "Vergleichende Lokalisationslehre der Grosshirnrinde in ihren Prinzipien dargestellt auf Grund des Zellenbaues". Johann Ambrosius Barth, Leipzig.] [Garey, L.J. (2006) "Brodmann’s Localisation in the Cerebral Cortex". Springer Science, New York.] and neurologists Constantin von Economo (1876-1931) and Georg N. Koskinas (1885-1975) in Vienna, who produced a landmark work in brain research by defining 107 cortical areas on the basis of cytoarchitectonic criteria. [Economo, C. von, Koskinas, G.N. (1925) "Die Cytoarchitektonik der Hirnrinde des erwachsenen Menschen". Julius Springer, Vienna.] [Economo, C. von, Koskinas, G.N. (2008) "Atlas of Cytoarchitectonics of the Adult Human Cerebral Cortex" (translated, revised and edited by L.C. Triarhou). Karger, Basel.]

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