Sium suave

Taxobox


regnum = Plantae
divisio = Magnoliophyta
classis = Magnoliopsida
ordo = Apiales
familia = Apiaceae
genus = "Sium"
species = "S. suave"
binomial = "Sium suave"
binomial_authority = Walter

"Sium suave" (from the Latin "sion", meaning "water parsley," and "suâvis", meaning "sweet.") citeweb|url=http://www.rook.org/earl/bwca/nature/aquatics/sium.html|title=Sium suave|accessdate=2007-11-03] , the Water Parsnip, is a herb belonging to the parsnip family and comes from Africa and some parts of the Northern Hemisphere.

Appearance

The Water Parsnip is a member of the Apiaceae family and appears with leaves and white flowers during blooming.citeweb|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9076228/water-parsnip|title=Britanica - white parsnip|accessdate=2007-11-02]

Habitat

The Water Parsnip lives in marshes and other wetland in areas below 3000 feet.

imilar species

These plants all have white flowers in large compound umbels. Therefore, these plants are confused with each other; the water parsnip, (swamp parsnip, sium suave) and the western water hemlock, (Cicuta douglasii, poison hemlock) or the spotted water hemlock (cicuta maculata, spotted water hemlock, spotted parsley, spotted cowbane). Water parsnip and water hemlock both have cluster of small white flowers shaped like umbrellas, and both have the same habitat near the shore line of lakes, and rivers. Water parsnip has leaves only once compound, and water hemlock has leaves which are three times compound. Water hemlock has a large swelling at the stem base. All water hemlock is highly poisonous.cite web
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title = Cicuta maculata.
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url = http://www.em.ca/garden/native/nat_cicuta_maculata.html
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accessdate =2008-08-03 ] Water parsnip is not poisonous.cite web
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title = Traditional Plant Foods of Canadian Indigenous Peoples By Harriet V Kuhnlein, Nancy J.
work = Google books
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url = http://books.google.ca/books?id=fPDErXqH8YYC&pg=PA124&lpg=PA124&dq=hemlock++saskatchewan&source=web&ots=wEZs3Qy1Nb&sig=4XiR4NlX_41oreXB54L841HnbIs&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=10&ct=result#PPA124,M1
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accessdate =2008-08-03 ] The water hemlock has bracts at the base of each small flower cluster, not at the base of the main flower head.cite web
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title = Western Water Hemlock - Agriculture - Government of Saskatchewan
work =
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url = http://www.agriculture.gov.sk.ca/Default.aspx?DN=6896bcb3-d202-43e0-ace9-c4ec72d8835d
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accessdate =2008-08-03 ] The Water parsnip has small bracts at the base of flowers and main flower head as well.cite web
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title = Water Parsnip - Agriculture - Government of Saskatchewan
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url = http://www.agriculture.gov.sk.ca/Default.aspx?DN=e2b0945b-6609-4790-ae82-8fdd9135af26
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accessdate =2008-08-03 ] The Yarrow, (Common Yarrow, Gordaldo, Nosebleed plant, Old Man's Pepper, Sanguinary, Milfoil, Soldier's Woundwort, Thousand-leaf (as its binomial name affirms), Thousand-seal or Achillea millefolium) also has many small white flowers in a cluster. However the yarrow has feathery looking leaves which are pinnately separated into small narrow segments.cite web
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title = Yarrow Achillea millefolium
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url = http://www.em.ca/garden/native/nat_Achillea%20millefolium.html
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accessdate =2008-08-03 ] The cow parsnip (heracleum lanatum, Heracleum maxinium Indian Celery or Pushki, and Heracleum sphondylium, hogweed) is also confused in this group with similar flower groupings. However, the cow parsnip has large, broad leaves, and an unpleasant odour.cite web
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title =Heracleum lanatum
work = University of Saskatchewan
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url =http://www.usask.ca/agriculture/plantsci/classes/range/heracleum.html
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accessdate =2008-08-03 ]

Hemlock's distinguishing characteristics are that it requires a more consistent supply of water than "Lomatium" or Osha, and "Lomatium" species tend to prefer dry rocky soils devoid of organic material. "Lomatium" roots have a delicate rice-like odor, unlike the musty odor of Hemlock, with finely divided, hairlike leaves in most "Lomatium" species. "Lomatium" species tend to produce yellow flowers, but some species are white flowered and closely resemble Poison Hemlock. If the plant is growing on a hillside in dry, mineral soil far away from a source of water and has umbells of yellow flowers, its likely a "Lomatium". It the plant is growing in an area near water in consistently moist soil, is tall (0.75-2m), has purple splotches on the main stem, and is heavily branched with small umbels of white flowers, it is probably Hemlock and should be avoided.

Osha does not do well in overly moist soils since it is a species dependent on mycorrhizal fungi to survive, but there are areas where Osha and Poison Hemlock can be found only a few feet from each other. Poison Hemlock lacks the "spicy celery" odor of Osha, and is easily distinguished from it due to the absence of hairlike dead leaf material present on the root crown of Osha roots. Poison Hemlock roots in many cases have no discernible odor, and are typically heavily branched rather than carrot-like, but this is not always the case. The plants themselves smell musty or "mousy", and in most instances will have purple blotches or shading on the lower stem of the plant if the plant is fairly mature, but again, this is not always the case.

In the Mountain West of North America, poison hemlock has become well established and invasive, and can be found in remote mountain areas anywhere water is present or soils are persistently moist. It is often found growing in the same habitat and side by side with Osha and "Lomatium" species, useful medicinal relatives in the Parsley family which Hemlock closely resembles, and can be very difficult to distinguish from "Lomatium" (an important historical food plant of Native Americans known as "Biscuit Root").

A useful trick to determine whether a plant is poison hemlock rather than fennel, which it resembles, is to crush some leaves and smell the result. Fennel smells like anise or liquorice, whereas the smell of poison hemlock is often described as mouse-like or musty. Considering the high toxicity of poison hemlock, if the plant cannot be identified it must be discarded. Coniine can be absorbed through the skin, and it is well advised to wash your hands immediately after handling this plant and avoid touching your eyes or mouth if you have recently handled or come into contact with Poison Hemlock, or if you have crushed the leaves of this plant in your hand to perform a "smell test".

Poison hemlock is sometimes confused with water hemlocks in the related genus "Cicuta"cite web
last =
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title =Water hemlock (Cicuta spp.)
work = Natural Standard, The Authority on Integrative Medicine
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url = http://www.naturalstandard.com/index-abstract.asp?create-abstract=/monographs/herbssupplements/patient-waterhemlock.asp
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accessdate = 2008-08-03] , but are readily distinguished by the less finely divided leaves of the latter; the leaf veins of poison hemlock also run through the tips of the teeth, but those of the water hemlock run through the notches in between the teeth. The poison hemlock's root is long, white, and fleshy and is usually stringy and heavily branched, but can be carrot-like and unbranched in younger specimens of "Conium". Water hemlock's roots are made up of several tubers, and are typically chambered, and excude a yellow, rank, highly toxic sap that contains cicutoxin [cite web
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title = Water Hemlock (Cicuta douglasii)
work = Field Guide to Noxious and Other Selected Weeds of British Columbia
publisher = Ministry of Agriculture and Lands Government of British Columbia
date =
url = http://www.agf.gov.bc.ca/cropprot/weedguid/waterhmlk.htm
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accessdate =2008-08-03 ] .

Notes

References

*

External links

* [http://www.missouriplants.com/Whitealt/Sium_suave_page.html Sium Suave Page]