Sulfamethoxazole

Sulfamethoxazole
Sulfamethoxazole
Systematic (IUPAC) name
4-amino-N-(5-methylisoxazol-3-yl)-benzenesulfonamide
Clinical data
AHFS/Drugs.com Micromedex Detailed Consumer Information
Pregnancy cat. C (Australia, United States)
Legal status Prescription Only (S4) (AU) ℞-only
Routes Oral, IV
Pharmacokinetic data
Protein binding 70%
Metabolism Hepatic acetylation and glucuronidation
Half-life 10 hours
Excretion Renal
Identifiers
CAS number 723-46-6 YesY
ATC code J01EC01 QJ01EQ11
PubChem CID 5329
DrugBank APRD00076
ChemSpider 5138 YesY
UNII JE42381TNV YesY
KEGG D00447 YesY
ChEBI CHEBI:9332 N
ChEMBL CHEMBL443 YesY
Chemical data
Formula C10H11N3O3S 
Mol. mass 253.279 g/mol
SMILES eMolecules & PubChem
Physical data
Melt. point 169 °C (336 °F)
 N(what is this?)  (verify)

Sulfamethoxazole (abbreviated SMZ or SMX)[1][2][3] is a sulfonamide bacteriostatic antibiotic.

It is most often used as part of a synergistic combination with trimethoprim in a 5:1 ratio in co-trimoxazole (abbreviated SMZ-TMP and SMX-TMP,[4] or TMP-SMZ and TMP-SMX), also known under trade names such as Bactrim, Septrin, or Septra; in Eastern Europe it is marketed as Biseptol. Its primary activity is against susceptible forms of Streptococcus, Staphylococcus aureus (including MRSA), Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae, and oral anaerobes. It is commonly used to treat urinary tract infections. In addition it can be used as an alternative to amoxicillin-based antibiotics to treat sinusitis. It can also be used to treat toxoplasmosis and it is the drug of choice for Pneumocystis pneumonia, which affects primarily patients with HIV.

Other names include: sulfamethylisoxazol, sulfisomezole, MS 53, RO 4 2130,[5][6][7] and sulfamethazole.[8]

Contents

Mechanism of action

Sulfonamides are structural analogs and competitive antagonists of para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA). They inhibit normal bacterial utilization of PABA for the synthesis of folic acid, an important metabolite in DNA synthesis.[9] The effects seen are usually bacteriostatic in nature. Folic acid is not synthesized in humans, but is instead a dietary requirement. This allows for the selective toxicity to bacterial cells (or any cell dependent on synthesizing folic acid) over human cells. Bacterial resistance to sulfamethoxazole is caused by mutations in the enzymes involved in folic acid synthesis that prevent the drug from binding to it.

Tetrahydrofolate synthesis pathway

A TMP-SMZ (also TMP-SMX or TMP-Sulfa) disk is a combination of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole that acts synergistically for bactericidal action. A bacterial culture impregnated with a trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole disk may be used to help identify an organism as Gardnerella vaginalis; it is sensitive to the TMP-SMZ disk.

Side effects

The most common side effect of sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim is gastrointestinal upset. Allergies to sulfa-based medications typically cause skin rashes, hives, or trouble breathing or swallowing and warrant immediate discontinuation of the medication and contact with doctor immediately. Sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim is also known to increase blood concentrations of the drug warfarin (U.S. brand name: Coumadin) and can cause an unexpected increase in clotting time and uncontrolled bleeding. Neutropenia and thrombocytopenia also are rare adverse effects to be monitored if a patient is placed on long-term therapy. Sulfamethoxazole is also a Stevens–Johnson syndrome (SJS) inducing substance.[citation needed]

Sulfamethoxazole can also cause nausea, severe stomach, or abdomen pains. Headaches commonly occur when taking sulfamethoxazole. Muscle pains sometimes occur when taking this medicine. If symptoms persist, one should contact his/her physician. If trouble breathing or swelling of the face, mouth, or tongue occurs, one should discontinue the medicine and get emergency medical help. These are often symptoms of a severe allergic reaction.

Sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim can lead to a megaloblastic anemia in some patients because it is a folate antagonist.[10]

Notes

  1. ^ Ma, M.; Cheng, Y.; Xu, Z.; Xu, P.; Qu, H.; Fang, Y.; Xu, T.; Wen, L. (2007). "Evaluation of polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers as drug carriers of anti-bacterial drugs using sulfamethoxazole (SMZ) as a model drug". European journal of medicinal chemistry 42 (1): 93–8. doi:10.1016/j.ejmech.2006.07.015. PMID 17095123. 
  2. ^ Garg, S.K.; Ghosh, S.S.; Mathur, V.S. (1986). "Comparative pharmacokinetic study of four different sulfonamides in combination with trimethoprim in human volunteers". International journal of clinical pharmacology, therapy, and toxicology 24 (1): 23–5. PMID 3485584. 
  3. ^ SMZ in Abstract of "Rat model of concurrent Pneumocystis carinii (Pc), Toxoplasma gondii (Tg), and Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) infections for assessment of multiple prophylaxis" at ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  4. ^ SMZ-TMP in Abstract of "Cutaneous hypersensitivity to sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (SMZ TMP) in HIV infected patients" at nlm.nih.gov
  5. ^ BIAM, "Sulfamethoxazole"
  6. ^ PubChem, "Sulfamethoxazole - Substance Summary"
  7. ^ ChemDB, "Sulfamethoxazole"
  8. ^ Sulfamethazole in "Clinical Diabetes: Case Study: A 90-Year-Old Man With Confusion and Night Sweats", and "Chronic Granulomatous Disease"
  9. ^ Martindale, The extra pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p. 208
  10. ^ USMLE World Step1, Qbank Pharmacology, 2009, Q106

References

External links


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Look at other dictionaries:

  • sulfamethoxazole — noun Etymology: sulfa + methyl + oxazole, a compound C3H3NO (from International Scientific Vocabulary ox + azole) Date: 1960 an antibacterial sulfonamide C10H11N3O3S used alone or in combination with trimethoprim (as in the treatment of urinary… …   New Collegiate Dictionary

  • sulfamethoxazole — /sul feuh meth ok seuh zohl /, n. Pharm. an antimicrobial substance, C10H11N3O3S, used against a variety of susceptible Gram positive and Gram negative organisms, as in the treatment of certain urinary tract infections and skin infections. [1955… …   Universalium

  • sulfamethoxazole — noun A particular kind of antibiotic, an antibacterial sulfonamide …   Wiktionary

  • sulfamethoxazole — A sulfonamide related chemically to sulfisoxazole, with a similar antibacterial spectrum, but a slower rate of absorption from the gastrointestinal tract and urinary excretion. * * * sul·fa·meth·ox·a·zole or chiefly Brit sul·pha·meth·ox·a·zole… …   Medical dictionary

  • sulfamethoxazole — sul·fa·meth·oxazole …   English syllables

  • sulfamethoxazole — sulphamethoxazole; n.; see co trimoxazole, sulphonamide …   The new mediacal dictionary

  • sulfamethoxazole — sul•fa•meth•ox•a•zole [[t]ˌsʌl fə mɛθˈɒk səˌzoʊl[/t]] n. pha an antimicrobial substance, C10H11N3O3used to treat urinary tract and skin infections • Etymology: 1955–60; sulfa (nilamide) +meth ( yl) +(is)oxazole …   From formal English to slang

  • sulfamethoxazole — noun a sulfonamide (trade name Gantanol) used to treat infections (especially infections of the urinary tract) • Syn: ↑Gantanol • Hypernyms: ↑sulfa drug, ↑sulfa, ↑sulpha, ↑sulfonamide …   Useful english dictionary

  • Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole — Combination of Trimethoprim Dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor (16.7%) Sulfamethoxazole Sulfonamide antibiotic (83.3%) …   Wikipedia

  • trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole — noun A combination of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole in the ratio of 1 to 5. Syn: TMP SMX, co trimoxazole …   Wiktionary

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