Jewel Cave National Monument

Infobox_protected_area | name = Jewel Cave National Monument
iucn_category = III

---

caption =
locator_x = 109
locator_y = 52
location = Custer County, South Dakota, USA
nearest_city = Rapid City, SD
lat_degrees = 43
lat_minutes = 43
lat_seconds = 46
lat_direction = N
long_degrees = 103
long_minutes = 49
long_seconds = 46
long_direction = W
area = 1,273.51 acres (5.1537 km²)
established = February 7, 1908
visitation_num = 108,948
visitation_year = 2004
governing_body = National Park Service

Jewel Cave National Monument contains Jewel Cave, currently the second longest cave in the world, with about 141 miles (225 km) of mapped passageways. It is located approximately convert|13|mi|km west of the town of Custer in South Dakota's Black Hills. It became a national monument in 1908.

History

Frank and Albert Michaud, two local homesteaders, discovered the cave in 1900, when they felt cold air blowing out of a small hole in a canyon. It is unknown whether any previous inhabitants of the area were aware of the natural cave opening, which was not large enough for a person to enter.

After enlarging the cave entrance with dynamite, the Michauds found a cavern lined with calcite crystals, which led them to name it "Jewel Cave." The brothers tried to capitalize on the discovery, widening the opening, building walkways inside, and opening it to tourists. Although their venture was unsuccessful, news of the discovery eventually reached Washington. President Theodore Roosevelt proclaimed Jewel Cave a National Monument on February 7, 1908. The area around the natural entrance to the cave was further developed by the Civilian Conservation Corps in the 1930s. The National Park Service assumed management of the monument in 1933 and began offering tours in 1939.

As recently as 1959, less than two miles (3 km) of passageway had been discovered. That year, however, Herb and Jan Conn, local rock climbers, began exploring, and within two years had mapped 15 miles (24 km). Much of the new discoveries lay outside the boundaries of the monument, under land managed by the United States Forest Service. The two agencies performed a land swap in 1965, establishing the present boundaries of the park, and enabling the development of a new part of the cave. The Park Service sunk a 300-foot (100 m) elevator shaft to a previously remote cave area, and built concrete walks and metal stairs and platforms along a one-half-mile loop. The "Scenic Tour" was opened in 1972. Most modern-day visitors tour that part its the cave.

In August 2000, an 83,000 acre (340 km²) forest fire burned 90% of the monument and the surrounding area. The visitor center and historic buildings were saved.

Exploration

By 1979, Herb and Jan Conn had discovered, named, and mapped more than 64 miles (100 km) of passages. Although they largely retired from caving by the early 1980s, exploration has continued unabated. Because the areas being explored take many hours to reach, explorers now sometimes camp in the cave during expeditions of as long as four days. The cave is mapped by traditional survey techniques, using compass, clinometer and today with lasers instead of tape measures.

Its 143 miles (230 km) of mapped passageway make Jewel Cave the second longest cave in the world, after Mammoth Cave, in Kentucky, at 367 miles (591 km).

The discovered areas in the cave account for only about 2% of the estimated total air volume of the cave. The cave volume is estimated by measuring the amount of air that the cave "exhales" when the outside air pressure drops and "inhales" when the outside air pressure rises.

Geology

Jewel Cave was formed by the gradual dissolution of limestone by stagnant, acid-rich water. The water enlarged a network of cracks that had formed during the uplift of the Black Hills approximately 60 million years ago. The layer of calcite crystals that covers much of the cave walls was created by the re-deposition of calcite from water saturated with the mineral.

After the water that formed the cave drained, speleothems (cave formations) began to form. Jewel Cave contains all the common types of calcite formations, such as stalactites, stalagmites, flowstone, and frostwork, although not in the same abundance as other well-known caves. The dry parts of the cave contain some formations created by the deposition of gypsum, such as gypsum needles, beards, flowers, and spiders. Finally, Jewel Cave contains a very rare formation called a "hydromagnesite balloon." Those are created when gas of an unknown source inflates a pasty substance formed by the precipitation of magnesium.

Visitation

Jewel Cave is open year round. The Park Service offers three tours: the scenic tour, a half-mile loop through a paved and lighted central portion of the cave accessible by elevator; the historic tour, a candlelight tour through the earliest-discovered part of the cave; and a spelunking tour, through an undeveloped part of the cave near the scenic loop. There are some surface trails. While reservations are not required, they are recommended during the summer seasons.

References

* "The Jewel Cave Adventure: Fifty Miles of Discovery in South Dakota" by Herb Conn (cave explorer) and Jan Conn (cave explorer) describes the exploration of Jewel Cave from its discovery to the mid-1980s. ISBN 0-939748-01-0
* "Jewel Cave: A gift from the past" by Arthur Palmer. ASIN B0006QF7SI
* "The National Parks: Index 2001–2003". Washington: U.S. Department of the Interior.

External links

* Official NPS website: [http://www.nps.gov/jeca/ Jewel Cave National Monument]
* [http://www.blackhillsportal.com/ Black Hills Community Portal] Black Hills Area Guide & Community Portal