- Lü Long
Lü Long (呂隆) (d. 416),
courtesy name Yongji (永基), was the last emperor of the Chinese/Di stateLater Liang . He was the nephew of the founding emperorLü Guang (Emperor Yiwu), and he took the throne after his brotherLü Chao (呂超) assassinated the emperorLü Zuan (Emperor Ling) in 401 and offered the throne to him. During his reign, Later Liang was under constant attacks byNorthern Liang andSouthern Liang and reduced largely to its capital Guzang (姑臧, in modernWuwei ,Gansu ). In 403, Lü Long decided to end the state by surrendering Guzang toLater Qin 's emperorYao Xing . He became a Later Qin official, but after aligning himself with Yao Xing's son Yao Bi (姚弼), who made unsuccessful attempts to seize thecrown prince position fromYao Hong , was executed by Yao Hong after Yao Xing's death in 416.Early life
Not much is known about Lü Long's early life, and his birthdate is not known, and virtually nothing is known about his father Lü Bao. He was described as handsome and skilled at
horsemanship andarchery . Late in the reign of his uncleLü Guang (Emperor Yiwu) he served as a general, but he did not have the same prominence that his younger brotherLü Chao (呂超) had.In 401, Lü Chao assassinated Lü Guang's son
Lü Zuan (Emperor Ling) and killed Lü Zuan's brother Lü Wei (呂緯) the Duke of Longxi, and then offered the throne to Lü Long. Initially, Lü Long was hesitant to accept, but Lü Chao compared this to riding a dragon up to heaven and not being able to get off, and Lü Long accepted, using the title "Heavenly Prince" ("Tian Wang "), roughly equivalent to emperor. He honored his mother Lady Wei asempress dowager , and created his wife Lady Yang asempress . He created Lü Chao the Duke of Anding and entrusted most governmental and military affairs to him.Reign
Lü Long, however, instead of correcting Lü Zuan's rule (which was considered violent and arbitrary), continued the violence by slaughtering many strong clans within his state for the purpose of showing his authority, and the people were further alienated. After hearing this, in summer 401, the
Later Qin emperorYao Xing sent his uncle Yao Shuode (姚碩德) to launch a major attack on Later Liang. The Later Qin army quickly reached Guzang and put it under siege. Many of the non-natives in Guzang planned a rebellion to give the city to Later Qin, but were discovered, and Lü Long slaughtered them, but with Yao Shuode's pressure, Lü Chao suggested nominal submission to Later Qin, which Lü Long agreed with, sending his nephews and some 50 clans to the Later Qin capitalChang'an as hostages to guarantee his faithfulness. Per Yao Shuode's recommendation, Yao Xing created him the Duke of Jiankang, although Lü Long continued to internally use the title of Heavenly Prince. Yao Shuode then withdrew.However, Lü Long continued to be under constant attack by both
Southern Liang andNorthern Liang , and just a few months after Yao Shuode's withdrawal Lü Chao suffered a major defeat at the hands of the Southern Liang generalTufa Rutan . Due to the wars, there was a severe famine, so much so that more than 100,000 people were starved. Everyday, hundreds of the residents of Guzang pled to exit the city, even knowing that they would be captured to be slaves. Lü Long was angry at these behaviors, believing that this damaged his regime's image, and therefore executed these people. Lü Long tried to make peace with both Southern Liang and Northern Liang, and in 402 had a brief peace with both, even obtaining some famine relief from Northern Liang's princeJuqu Mengxun , but the peace did not last, nor did Later Qin military assistance stop the attacks.By 403, Lü Long was desperate. Meanwhile, Later Qin officials advised Yao Xing to take control of Later Liang territory directly, believing that if Lü Long somehow survived this crisis, he would no longer be a vassal. Yao Xing therefore summoned Lü Chao to Chang'an, intending to use his absence to force Lü Long to submit. When Lü Long received the order, he decided to end the state of siege altogether by offering his territory -- now not much more than Guzang itself -- to Later Qin. Yao Xing sent his general Qi Nan (齊難) with a large force to protect and escort Lü Long to Chang'an. Lü Long welcomed him and then, after saying farewell to Lü Guang's temple, left for Chang'an. Later Qin took over the city, and Later Liang was no more.
Under Later Qin rule
Lü Long was made a Later Qin official, and he used his Later Qin-bestowed title of Duke of Jiankang. Little is known about most of the duration that he spent under Later Qin rule. However, late in Yao Xing's reign, he became involved in the plot by Yao Xing's son Yao Bi (姚弼) the Duke of Guangping to seize the position of
crown prince from his brotherYao Hong , and in 416, after a failed attempt by Yao Bi's associates to seize power in a coup, Yao Bi was forced to commit suicide, and Lü Long, along with other co-conspirators, were arrested. He was executed by Yao Hong shortly after Yao Xing then died the next day, as was his brother Lü Chao.Era name
* "Shending" (神鼎 shén dǐng) 401-403
Personal information
* Father
** Lü Bao (呂寶), brother ofLü Guang (Emperor Yiwu)
* Mother
** Lady Wei
* Wife
** Empress Yang
Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.