Buddleja

Taxobox
name = "Buddleia"


image_width = 240px
regnum = Plantae
divisio = Magnoliophyta
classis = Magnoliopsida
ordo = Lamiales
familia = Scrophulariaceae
genus = "Buddleja"
genus_authority = L.
subdivision_ranks = Species
subdivision = About 100 species, including: "Buddleja albiflora" "Buddleja alternifolia" - fountain butterfly bush "Buddleja americana" "Buddleja asiatica" "Buddleja auriculata" "Buddleja australis" "Buddleja bhutanica" "Buddleja candida" "Buddleja colvilei" "Buddleja crispa" "Buddleja crotonoides" "Buddleja curviflora" "Buddleja davidii" "Buddleja delavayi" "Buddleja fallowiana" "Buddleja forrestii" "Buddleja globosa" - golden globe butterfly bush "Buddleja indica" "Buddleja japonica" "Buddleja lindleyana" "Buddleja madagascariensis" "Buddleja marrubiifolia" "Buddleja myriantha" "Buddleja nivea" "Buddleja officinalis" "Buddleja paniculata" "Buddleja parviflora" "Buddleja pulchella" "Buddleja racemosa" "Buddleja saligna" "Buddleja salviifolia" "Buddleja scordioides" "Buddleja sessiliflora" "Buddleja tubiflora" "Buddleja utahensis" "Buddleja yunnanensis"

"Buddleja", also often spelled "Buddleia", is a genus of flowering plants. It is now included in the Scrophulariaceae, though in the past was previously classified in either the Loganiaceae or in a family of its own, the Buddlejaceae. The plant was named after the Reverend Adam Buddle who was a botanist and a rector in Essex, England.

The roughly 100 species are mostly shrubs, a few being trees; the largest species reach 30 m tall, but most species rarely exceed 5 m tall. Both evergreen and deciduous species occur. They are native throughout the warmer parts of the New World from the southern United States south to Chile, and widely in the Old World in Africa and the warmer parts of Asia, but absent as natives from Europe and Australasia. The species are divided into two groups based on their floral type, those in the New World being dioecious, and those in the Old World being monoecious.

The leaves are lanceolate in most species, and arranged in opposite pairs on the stems (alternate in one species, "B. alternifolia"); they range from 1-30 cm long. The flowers are produced in dense panicles 10-50 cm long; each individual flower is tubular, about 1 cm long, with the corolla divided into four spreading lobes (petals), about 3-4 mm across. Flower colour varies widely, with white, pink, red, purple, orange or yellow flowers produced by different species and cultivars; they are rich in nectar and often strongly scented. The fruit is a small capsule about 1 cm long and 1-2 mm diameter, containing numerous small seeds; in a few species (previously classified in the separate genus "Nicodemia") the capsule is soft and fleshy, forming a berry.

Cultivation and uses

Several species are popular garden plants, The species are commonly known as Butterfly Bush due to their attractiveness to butterflies; they are also attractive to bees, moths and ladybirds. The species of buddleia with red flowers are also attractive to hummingbirds.

The most popular cultivated species is "Buddleja davidii" from central China, named after the French naturalist Père Armand David. Other common garden species include "Buddleja globosa" from southern Chile, grown for its strongly honey-scented orange globular flower-heads, and "Buddleja alternifolia" with lilac coloured flowers. Several interspecific hybrids can also be found, including "B. x weyeriana" (B. globosa x B. davidii).

Some species are commonly found as escapees from the garden. "B. davidii" in particular is a great coloniser of dry open ground; in towns in Britain, it often self-sows on waste ground, where it grows into a dense thicket, and it is listed as an invasive species in many areas. It is frequently seen beside railway lines, on derelict factory sites and after the Second World War on urban bomb sites. It is not able to survive the harsh winters of northern continental climates, being killed by temperatures below about -15°C to -20°C.

Nomenclature

The botanic name has been the source of some confusion. By the usual practice of botanical Latin, the spelling of a genus name made from "Buddle" would be "Buddleia". However, Linnaeus wrote it down as "Buddleja", and never changed it, so by the rule of naming priority, "Buddleja" should be preferred, though the i/j interchange could be modernized as an orthographical variant. Even so, the usage is confused, and inconsistencies are common, even within single texts ( [http://oregonstate.edu/dept/ldplants/buda.htm] for example).

References

*Leeuwenberg, A. J. M. (1979) "The Loganiaceae of Africa XVIII Buddleja L. II, Revision of the African & Asiatic species". H. Veenman & Zonen B. V., Wageningen, Netherlands.

See also

*List of Lepidoptera that feed on Buddleja

External links

* [http://www.chilebosque.cl/shrb/bglob.html "Buddleja globosa" pictures from "Chilebosque".]
* [http://www.arhomeandgarden.org/plantoftheweek/articles/Butterfly_Bush_Summer_Lilac.htm Reference to nomenclature issue]
* [http://landscaping.about.com/cs/forthebirds/p/butterfly_bush.htm Using Butterfly Bush in the Landscape]