- Cassia fistula
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"Canafistula" redirects here. This can also refer to Albizia inundata (Maloxo).
Cassia fistula 
Golden shower tree in bloom Conservation status Not evaluated (IUCN 3.1)Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae (unranked): Angiosperms (unranked): Eudicots (unranked): Rosids Order: Fabales Family: Fabaceae Genus: Cassia Species: C. fistula Binomial name Cassia fistula
L.Synonyms Cassia fistula, known as the golden shower tree and other names, is a flowering plant in the family Fabaceae, native to southern Asia, from southern Pakistan east through India to Myanmar and south to Sri Lanka. It is the national tree of Thailand, and its flower is Thailand's national flower. It is also state flower of Kerala in India and of immense importance amongst Malayali population. It is a popular ornamental plant and is an herbal medicine.
Contents
Description
Cassia fistula flower detail
The golden shower tree is a medium-sized tree, growing to 10–20 m (33–66 ft) tall with fast growth. The leaves are deciduous, 15–60 cm (6–24 in) long, pinnate with 3–8 pairs of leaflets, each leaflet 7–21 cm (3–8 inches) long and 4–9 cm (1.5–3.5 in) broad. The flowers are produced in pendulous racemes 20–40 cm (8–15 in) long, each flower 4–7 cm diameter with five yellow petals of equal size and shape. The fruit is a legume, 30–60 cm (12–23 in) long and 1.5–2.5 cm (0.5–1 in) broad, with a pungent odor and containing several seeds. The seeds are poisonous.[1] The tree has strong and very durable wood, and has been used to construct "Ahala Kanuwa", a place at Adams Peak, Sri Lanka, which is made of Cassia fistula ("ahala", "Ehela" or aehaela, ඇහැල in Sinhala [2]) heartwood.
Cultivation
Cassia fistula is widely grown as an ornamental plant in tropical and subtropical areas. It blooms in late spring. Flowering is profuse, with trees being covered with yellow flowers, many times with almost no leaf being seen. It will grow well in dry climates. Growth for this tree is best in full sun on well-drained soil; it is relatively drought tolerant and slightly salt tolerant. It will tolerate light brief frost, but can get damaged if frost persists. It can be subject to mildew or leaf spot, especially during the second half of the growing season. The tree will bloom better where there is pronounced difference between summer and winter temperatures.[1]
Medical use
In Ayurvedic medicine, golden shower tree is known as aragvadha, meaning "disease killer". The root is considered a very strong purgative, and self-medication or any use without medical supervision is strongly advised against in Ayurvedic texts.
Though its use in herbalism has been attested to for millennia, there has been rather little research in modern times. The purgative action is probably due to abundant 1,8-dihydroxyanthraquinone and derivatives thereof. Many Fabaceae are a source of potent entheogens and other psychoactive compounds, e.g. tryptamines; such plants are rarely found among the Caesalpinioideae. There is also a rare case of it being used for anal autoeroticism.[3]
Culture
FruitThe golden shower tree is the national flower of Thailand; its yellow flowers symbolize Thai royalty. A 2006-2007 flower festival, the Royal Flora Ratchaphruek, was named after the tree, which is most often called dok khuen orratchaphruek in Thailand.[4] The golden shower tree is the state flower of Kerala in India. The flowers are of ritual importance in the Vishu festival of the Kerala state of India, and the tree was depicted on a 20 Indian rupees stamp. C. fistula is also featured on a 2003 joint Canadian-Thai design for a 48 cent stamp, part of a series featuring national emblems.[1] Cassia acutifolia, the pudding-pipe tree, furnishes the cassia pods of commerce.[5]
Taxonomy
There are numerous synonyms of C. fistula, including:[6]
- Cassia excelsa Schrad. is a synonym of Senna spectabilis var.excelsa
- Cassia fistuloides Collad.
- Cassia rhombifolia Roxb.
- Cathartocarpus excelsus G. Don
- Cathartocarpus fistula Pers.
- Cathartocarpus fistuloides (Collad.) G. Don
- Cathartocarpus rhombifolius G. Don
"Cassia fistulata" is a lapsus.
Synonyms
The golden shower tree was named Cassia fistula by Carl Linnaeus. Being so conspicuous and widely planted, this tree has a number of common names. In English, it is also known as the golden shower cassia. Other names include Indian laburnum or golden shower. It is known in Spanish-speaking countries as caña fistula.
Names from its native range and surrounding regions include:[4]
- Arabic: khiār shambar (خيار شمبر)
- Assamese: xonaru (সোণাৰু)
- Bangla: sonalu, bandar lathi, amaltas
- Chinese: ā bó lè (阿勃勒: Taiwan), là cháng shù (sausage tree, 腊肠树)
- Gujarati : garmalo (ગરમાળો)
- Hindi: bendra lathi (or bandarlauri), dhanbaher (or dhanbohar), girimaloah
- Hindi and Urdu: amaltās (अमलतास)
- Japanese: nanban saikachi (ナンバン サイカチ, Kanji: 南蛮皀莢)
- Khmer: reachapreuk (រាជព្រឹក្ស - rajavriksha)
- Lao: khoun (ຄູນ)
- Marathi: bahava (बहावा)
- Malayalam: kanikkonna (or kani konna കണിക്കൊന്ന: Kerala), Vishu konna(വിഷുക്കൊന്ന)
- Meitei (Manipuri): chahui
- Nepali: amaltash, rajbriksya
- Sanskrit: aragvadha, chaturangula, kritamala, suvarnaka
- Sinhalese: aehaela, ඇහැල (or ahalla), Ehela
- Tamil: konrai (கொன்றை)
- Telugu:raela (రేల)
- Thai: rachapruek (ราชพฤกษ์), khun (คูน), dok khuen (ดอกแคน)
The name was erroneously used by John Patrick Micklethwait Brenan for the Kenyan shower cassia, correctly known as C. afrofistula. Similarly, Francisco Manuel Blanco misapplied Linnaeus's name to the apple-blossom cassia subspecies C. javanica ssp. javanica.[6]
References
- ^ a b c "Cassia Fistula (aburnum, Purging Fistula, Golden Shower, Amaltas)", Ayurveda - Herbs (4 to 40), http://www.4to40.com/ayurveda/index.asp?p=Cassia_Fistula&c=Herbs&k=Ahala_Kanuwa, retrieved 2011-1-20
- ^ sinhala botany website
- ^ Karanth KS, Duttaroy D, Yeluri SV, Jain AP (September 2006). "Colorectal foreign body—a case report". J Indian Med Assoc 104 (9): 528, 530. PMID 17388014.
- ^ a b MMPND (2005)
- ^ U. S. Department of Agriculture, William Saunders; Catalogue of Economic Plants in the Collection of the U. S. Department of Agriculture; Washington D. C.; June 5, 1891
- ^ a b ILDIS (2005)
- International Legume Database & Information Service (ILDIS) (2005): Genus Cassia. Version 10.01, November 2005. Retrieved 2007-DEC-20.
- Multilingual Multiscript Plant Name Database (MMPND) (2005): Cassia fistula L.. Version of 12/01/2005. Retrieved 2007-DEC-20.
- Database on state of environment, Kerala (2008): Kerala Symbols.
External links
National symbols of Thailand Flag of Thailand · Emblem of Thailand · Phleng Chat (Thai National Anthem) · Phleng Sansoen Phra Barami (Thai Royal Anthem) ·
White elephant · Golden Shower Tree · Sala ThaiCategories:- Cassia
- Flora of Asia
- Flora of India
- Flora of Thailand
- Medicinal plants
- National symbols of Thailand
- Ayurvedic medicaments
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