Duque de Bivona

List of Dukes and Duchesses of Bivona, Grandees of Spain, since 1554

The Spanish title of Dukes of Bivona stems from the first middle of the XVI Century and was given to people related with the powerful medieval Aragonese family of Luna, which provided for instance as an Antipope of the Roman Catholic Church, Benedict XIII, born Pedro Martínez de Luna, (1328 - May 23, 1423), known as "Papa Luna" and the powerful Navarrese XV Century family of Peralta.

1st and 2nd Dukes and the 3 Duchess under "de Luna" family name, (1554 - 1619)

1. Awarded on 22 May 1554, in Sicily, to Pedro de Luna, or Pedro de Luna - Peralta y Medici-Salviati, (after 1520 - Duke 1554 - deceased 1575), 10 Count of Caltabellota. He should not be confused with any of the ancestors from his powerful family, described today also, sometimes, as Pedro de Luna.

He was also Count (Conte in Italian) of Calatafimi, Sclafani and Caltavuturo, marrying Isabel de Vega y Osorio, (after 1525 - ????), the daughter of the Ambassador of Spain in Rome of King Charles I of Spain, Juan de Vega y Enríquez, 6 Señor del Grajal, Viceroy of Navarre in 1542, Viceroy and Captain General of Sicily from 1547 to 1557, presidente del Consejo de Castilla, (deceased 20 December 1558), and Leonor Perez - Osorio y Sarmiento, (deceased in Palermo, Italy, 30 March 1550).

Two of their children were 2nd and 3rd Dukes of Bivona, namely:

2. Piero Giulio de Luna e Vega or Pedro Julio, (2nd Duke of Bivona and 11 Count of Caltabellota from 1575 to 1592 , without issue"', married in 1562 with a Spanish "Angela De la Cerda y Manuel " family woman, daughter of Juan II de la Cerda, 4 Duke of Medinaceli, 3 marquis of Cogolludo, 3 count del Puerto de Santa María, comendador of Socobos and comendador mayor of the Order of Santiago, Viceroy of Sicily and of Navarre, governor of the Low Countries, from the State Council.

and

3. Aloisia de Luna e Vega ", ( 3rd Duchess of Bivona by her own rights), (deceased Caltanissetta, 1619). This Aloisia, 3rd Duchess, described by Italian genealogists as Aloisia de Luna e Vega was named like her grand mother, an Italian Salviati - Medici woman, sister of Pope Leo X "Medici",(11 December 1475–1 December 1521).

Her ancestors, "Aloisia the Grand Mother" and the Pope Leo X, came from the marriage of famous Lorenzo de Medici, "il Magnifico", with powerful Alfonsina Orsini, from the Counts (Conti in Italian) of Tagliacozzo and Piacentro.

Duchess Aloisia married in 1568 a man called Cesare Moncada - Aragona y Pignatelli, 2 principe di Paternò, conte di Adernò, conte di Sclafani, conte di Caltabellota, vicario generale y capitano d’arme nelle città di Siracusa e Catania, (+ Caltgirone July 1591).

Cesare Moncada, the Duke Consort, was the son of Don Francesco Moncada, conte di Adernò, conte di Sclafani (con la terra di Caltavuturo e Scillato), conte di Caltanissetta, 1° principe di Paternò, (* 1518 - married 1532 - + 23 February 1568) and of Caterina Pignatelli, the daughter of Camillo Pignatelli, conte di Borello, 3. duca di Monteleone, (+ 28 March 1583, and donna Girolama Colonna, the daughter of the 2. duca di Paliano.

9 years later, After 1577, Aloisia, not a widow yet from her supposed 1st husband till 1591, seems to have married widower Don Antonio d’Aragona y Folch de Cardona, (1543 - Naples, Italy, 8 February 1583), 4 duke of Montalto, count of Collesano or Golisano ,

For over 350 - 400 years later these Sicilian, Italian and Spanish families would be absolutely connected with both the Austrian and Spanish Empires and their succesors the Bourbons after the Spanish Habsburg Kings eclipse becoming Diplomats, Ministers, Knights of the Golden Fleece Order and so on. The Moncada family for instance, almost one of the first Catalan - Aragonese families after the Medieval Aragonese Kings can be tracked today as important rulers for over 700 - 800 years nowadays.

However, the 4 Duke of Bivona was Aloisia de Vega´s son by her first marriage, [Francesco de Moncada)) e de Luna - Vega,( 13 March 1572 - Martos, Province of Jaén, 1595, aged 23), 3 Principe di Paternò, 4 Duke of Bivona, Count of Adernò, Count of Caltanisseta , Count of Caltabellotta.

The 4, 5, 6 and 7 Dukes & the 8 Duchess with family name "Moncada de Aragón", (1619 - 1728)

4. The 4 Duke of Bivona, Francesco, had however married at the age of 12, on 12March 1584 orphan lady Donna Maria d’Aragona y de la Cerda , 5 duchess of Montalto, contessa di Collesano, (died 2 December 1610), the daughter of the 4 Duke of Montalto and Count of Colisano, Antonio d’Aragona - Folch de Cardona, (deceased the year before on 8 February 1583) and granddaughter through her mother side of Juan II de la Cerda, 4 duke of Medinaceli de Medinaceli, 4 Count of Puerto de Santa María, 3 Marquis of Cogolludo, (around 1505 - Madrid, 1 August 1575), Viceroy of Captain General of Sicily and Navarre, and of the portuguese noblewoman Joana Manuel, or Juana de Noronha Manuel, (deceased Pamplona, Navarre, 19 June 1568), from the family of the 6 Counts of Odemira.

5. A third child of the females/males successors, Antonio, (1589 - awarded the Grandee of Spain at age 6 and the succession to the titles when his father Francesco died aged 23 at Martos (Jaén, Spain) - 15 April 1631, aged 42), Don Antonio de Moncada y Aragón , was thus 4 principe di Paternò, 6 duke of Montalto, 5 duke of Bivona , conte di Adernò con Centorbi e Biancavilla, conte di Sclafani, conte di Caltanissetta, conte di Caltabellotta, conte di Collesano, and other Italian titles.

Antonio de Moncada, 5 Duke of Bivona married again within the "De la Cerda" family , the father of his father in law being his uncle, i.e. his mother brother, named Juan Luis de la Cerda y Noronha - Manuel, (1544 - married 1565 - married again 1580 - 29 May 1594), 5 Duke of Medinaceli, 5 Count of Puerto de Santa María, 4 Marquis of Cogolludo, Ambassador in Portugal, Grandee of Spain, a Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleecein 1585.

His father in law was the Spanish - Italian known to Spanish genealogists as Juan de la Cerday Aragón, (Cogolludo, province of Guadalajara, Spain, 1569 - 8 December 1607, aged 38), 6 Duke of Medinaceli, 6 Conde del Puerto de Santa María, 5 Marqués de Cogolludo, a Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece in 1599, married twice, the first on 21 November 1580 with his step sister, Ana de la Cueva y de la Lama, a daughter of Gabriel de la Cueva, Duke of Albuquerque, and Juana de la Lama. His second marriage, circa 1606, brought about the much wanted male inheritor of the Medinaceli Dukedom and lands thereto in Spain.

It was a daughter of this couple, the one from the first marriage, Juana de la Cerda y de la Lama, (born September 1591), the wife of the 5 Duke of Bivona, afore mentioned.

It seems as if this marriage was declared void, although the couple was alive, around 1626, with Juana, the Duchess Consort, being around 35 years old and the Duke Don Antonio de Moncada, some 37, and that the Duke "received the call of God" to be a Jesuit and then renounced to honours, titles and privileges to follow San Ignacio de Loyola, (before October 23, 1491–July 31, 1556), heavenly calls. The Duke died in 1631, aged barely 42.

6. Nevertheless, their first male inheritor after Don Antonio mystical call of 1626, is known to some genealogists as Luis Guillermo de Moncada y de la Cerda, (deceased 1672), and was 7 Duque de Montalto] , 6 Duque de Bivona"', 5 Príncipe di Paternò and many other counties and lesser titles.

"'This 6 Duke of Bivona, Luis Guillermo de Moncada, (Palermo 1614 - Grandee of Spain 1631, aged 17 - Madrid 4 March 1672, aged 58) , became after 1638 a childless widower of Maria Enriquez Afan de Ribera, the 4 Duchesse of Alcalá de los Gazules and 7 Marchioness of Tarifa

marrying then another collateral Catalina de Moncada y Alagón , (21 August 1611 - ends of 1660), the daughter of Francisco de Moncada, (1586 - Grandee of Spain in 1626 - Battle of Goch 1635), 3 Marqués de Aytona, 11 Count of Osona, and Margarita de Alagón - Espés, Marchioness of Puebla de Castro in Aragón, (deceased 1624).

This 6 Duke of Bivona Luis Guillermo, Knight of the Order of Alcantara since 1630, was Viceroy and Captain General of Sardinia Island in 1644, a Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece in 1651, to be found in the lists under the name Luis de Moncada, 7 Duque de Montalto .

When his second wife, Catalina, died, too, towards the end of 1660, he became a priest around 1662, being promoted to the honour of Cardinal without title of the Holy Roman Church on 7 March 1667 dying while staying in Madrid on 4 March 1672, 5 years later.

7. A male baby from the first marriage and another two males from the second one will no reach the adult status being thus 8 Duque de Montalto, 7 Duque de Bivona, 6 Principe de Paternò and some half a dozen of Italian counties plus a handful of lesser titles Fernando Moncada de Aragón y Moncada, (20 October 1644 - marries 1665, aged 21 - Grandee of Spain from 1672 when his father, late Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church, dies - 11 November 1713).

The 7 Duke of Bivona would be the last male member bearing the family name Moncada de Aragón:

Fernando de Moncada - Aragón married in 1665 the powerful heiress María Teresa Fajardo y Alvarez de Toledo - Portugal, 7 Marchioness de los Vélez, 6 Marchioness of Molina de Segura, 3 Marchioness of Martorell, Grandee of Spain by inheritance since 1697, with extensive lands, military honorary titles and agricultural mills in Murcia, Lorca and Catalan areas.

Her father, Pedro Fajardo de Zúñiga y Recqueséns, (Mula, province of Murcia, June 1602 - Palermo, Sicilia, 3 November 1647) had been 4 Marquis of Molina de Segura , 5 marquis de los Vélez, big land owner from Murcia married to the powerful Catalan -Italian family of the Recquesens, Captain General of the so called Kingdom of Murcia, Viceroy of Aragon, Navarre, Catalonia and Sicily, Ambassador of Spain in Rome, President of the "Consejo de Indias", the administrative body keeping track of several million square kilometers, thousands of priests and nuns in America as well as hundreds of thousands of new settlers there and millions of Indian Aborigines more or less protected by the Imperial Crown.

Her mother, second wife of Don Pedro Fajardo de Zúñiga, had been María Engracia Alvarez de Toledo - Portugal y Pimentel , (deceased 1 January 1696), daughter of Fernando Álvarez de Toledo - Portugal, 6 Count of Oropesa, Count de Deleitosa, 2 Marquis de Frechilla y Villarramiel, and of Mencía Pimentel, daughter of the 8 condes-duques de Benavente, a portuguese family who had settled in Spain at the end of the XIV Century.

8. The 9 Duchesse of Montalto, 8 Duchesse of Bivona, 8 Marchioness de los Vélez, Marchioness of Molina de Segura , Marchioness of Martorell and over a dozen of other lesse titles (Counties, Baronetcies, Lordships and so on in Spain and in Italy) was by her own succession rights, through lack of male inheritors, Teresa Caterina Moncada de Aragon y Fajardo, (baptized in Madrid on 4 November 1665 - married October 1680, aged 15, without issue - married as a young widow 29 September 1683, aged 18 - 29 January 1728).

Her husband was José Fadrique Álvarez de Toledo y Fernández de Córdoba, 8 Marqués de Villafranca del Bierzo, 3 Marqués de Villanueva de Valdueza, 5 Duque de Fernandina, 5th principe di Montalbano, (deceased 30 July 1728).

He was the son of Fadrique III Alvarez de Toledo y Osorio, 7 Marquis of Villafranca del Bierzo, Grandee of Spain, 2 Marquis of Villanueva de Valdueza, 4 Duke of Fernandina, 4 Principe di Montalbano, Captain General of the Spanish Galleys, Viceroy of Sicily, member of the Council of State, (27 February 1635 - 1705), and of Manuela Fernández de Córdoba y Cardona, (deceased 1679) , the daughter of Antonio de Córdoba, 7 Duke of Sessa, 9 Count of Cabra, and of Teresa Pimentel, from the 9 Counts - Dukes of Benavente.

The 9, 10, and 11 Dukes with the family name "Alvarez de Toledo": the succesion to the 15 Dukedom of Medina Sidonia and the accesion through marriage to the 13 Dukedom of Alba, (1728 - 1802)

The succession, from her second marriage, including between the titles the one of 9 Duke of Bivona was handled then to her son, with different family name taking his father family name, his father being the Duke Consort José Fadrique :

9. Fadrique Vicente Álvarez de Toledo y Moncada, (Madrid, 5 April 1686 - Madrid, 12 November 1753), 9 Marqués de Villafranca del Bierzo, 9 Duque de Bivona, 9 Duque de Montalto, 9 Marqués de los Vélez, 8 Principe di Paternò, 6 Duque de Fernandina, 6 principe di Montalbano, 4 Marqués de Villafranca de Valdueza, 4 Conde de Peña Ramiro, 12Marqués de Molina, 5 Marqués de Martorell, 15 Count di Adernò, 16 Count di Caltabellota, 15 Count di Sclafani, 12 Count di Collesano, 13 Count di Caltanisseta, 18 Count di Centorvi, 4 times a Grandee of Spain, Barón of Castellví de Rosanes, Adelantado mayor del Reino de Murcia, Alcaide perpetuo de los Reales Alcázares de Lorca and many other honorary military titles such as Knight of the Golden Fleece in 1750, fell over his shoulders.

He married in 1713, aged 27, the impressive noblewoman described by genealogists as Juana Pérez de Guzmán y Silva while others call her with the somewhat barroque name of Juana Pérez de Guzmán el Bueno y Silva - Mendoza , (after circa 1681 - ????).

She was one daughter of the Spanish Portuguese family constituted by Manuel Alonso Pérez de Guzmán, 12 Duque de Medina Sidonia, 17 Conde de Niebla, 11 11 Marqués de Cazaza, Grandee of Spain, (Huelva 1671 - ????) , and Luisa María de Silva y Mendoza, (Madrid 25 August 1680 - ????)), daughter of Gregorio María Domingo de Silva Mendoza y Sandoval, 5 Duque de Pastrana, 5 5 Duque de Estremera, 9 Duque del Infantado, and of María de Haro y Guzmán, from the 6 Marqués del Carpio.

10. Fadrique Vicente Alvarez de Toledo and Juana Perez de Guzman got from their marriage several males/females, the inheritor, 10 Duke of Bivona , between many other Dukedoms, Marquees, Counties and lesser titles being born in Madrid in 1716 and carrying the name Antonio María José, sometimes described as Antonio Álvarez de Toledo y Pérez de Guzmán, (Madrid, 24 September 1716 - married Teresa, daughter of the 10 Duke of Medina Sidonia in September 1735, one daughter - married Maria Antonia Gonzaga Caracciolo, daughter of the Duke of Solferino, 2 females and 2 males - Madrid, 4 December 1773, aged 57).

He was invested as a Knight of the Golden Fleece in 1763 and became also Gran Cruz de la Orden de Carlos III in the same year.

11. Then, the first male son of the second marriage of the 10 Duke of Bivona Antonio, or Antonio María José, would become, between many other things 11 Duke of Bivona and would be known as Joé María or José Álvarez de Toledo y Gonzaga-Caracciolo , (Madrid, 16 July 1756 - Sevilla 9 June 1798, aged 42), holder by the time of his death in 1798 of 6 Grandees of Spain, 4 Dukedoms (the Medina Sidonia Duchy from a childless cousin, a Perez de Guzmán y Pacheco, and the Duchy of Alba through marriage to famous Cayetana de Alba, one of the widowed aristocrat women friends of Court Painter Francisco de Goya) , 2 Principalities, 8 Marquisates, 8 Countships, 2 Baronetcies and many other lesser titles, (Spanish and Italian).

Together with the Dukes of Osuna, the Tellez-Girón family , he became one of the biggest private land owners in Andalusia.

"Cayetana", (1762 - 1802), 13 Duchess of Alba, 11th Duchess Consort of Bivona, grandaughter of the President of the Real Academia Española de la Lengua

We believe it is worth to explore, something obvious but curiously lacking till now about the intellectual background surroinding the ignored 11 Duke of Bivona and his wife, frequently named, (wrongly), as Cayetana de Alba, 13 Duchess of Alba on her own rights .

Chiefly, they seem to have been much abused later by their supposed "populist" background in the late romantic, bull fighting loving, popular and oversexed Spain derived from the Napoleonic invasions, the rather rough following up Borbon Kings and Queens of Spain, and the rising of the so called liberal and conservative political options of burgeois roman catholic 19 Century Spain.

The 11th Duke of Bivona, José María, married on 15 January 1775, being himself a descendant from a cadet branch named "Alvarez de Toledo", related to the Dukes of Alba in the XVI Century, and on the verge of such family name disappearing since 1728 altogether from the Alba nobility registers.a woman, very well known even today as "Cayetana", her real name being Cayetana de Silva y Silva - Bazán , who descended through her female side grandmother, of Maria Teresa Alvarez de Toledo y de Haro, 11 Duchess of Alba, (? - married 1714 Count Manuel José de Silva - Duchess of Alba by succession in 1739 - 1755).

There was the possibility, if Jose Maria and Cayetana got any male children that the "Alvarez de Toledo" name could came back again to be used both, the Marquis of villafranca del Bierzo (and Duke of Bivona and many other titles) José María and also to the Dukes of Alba (with many pother titles), in other words, as it was in the XVI Century.

This grandmother of Cayetana, who arrived to be 11 Duchess of Alba, was the mother, between others, of the 12 Duke of Alba, now named, as his father (the 10 Count of Galve), Fernando de Silva y Alvarez de Toledo, Duke of Huéscar, between other titles during his childhood, his mother being nevertheless the 11 Duchess till her death, (1755).

This 12 Duke of Alba since 1755, Don Fernando, i.e., Fernando de Silva y Alvarez de Toledo, (1714 - 15 November 1776), would be the father of the 13 Duke of Alba, Francisco de Paula de Silva, the later being the father in law, through "Cayetana", of the 11 Duke of Bivona José María.

This Fernando, 9 Duke of Huescar,who became 12th Duke of Alba after 1755, besides being grandfather of theeven today famous "Cayetana" was Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece in 1746, Ambassador in France (1746 - 1749). He was also a Director of the Real Academia Española de la Lengua during 22 years, from 9th April 1754 till his death in November 1776.

The Duke Academician Fernando was also 5º Conde-Duque de Olivares ande Duque de Sanlúcar-la-Mayor, Grandee of Spain, 10 Marqués del Carpio, 10 Conde de Monterrey, 13 Conde de Lerín, Condestable de Navarra, 11 Conde de Galve, 14 Conde de Alba de Tormes, 17 Señor de Valdecorneja, etc.

He had married Ana María Alvarez de Toledo y de Portugal, (1710-1738), 9 Duchess Consort of Huéscar, Grandee of Spain, daughter of the 9 Conde de Oropesa.

They were the parents of :

Francisco de Paula de Silva y Alvarez de Toledo, (1733-1770), 10º Duque de Huéscar (1755), Conde de Siruela, who married Maria del Pilar Ana de Silva- Bazán y Sarmiento, n.1740-m.1784, 10 Duchess Consort de Huéscar, daughter of Pedro Artal de Silva Bazán, 8 Marqués de Santa-Cruz, having then

María del Pilar Teresa Cayetana de Silva-Alvarez de Toledo y Silva Bazán, ( 1762 - married 1775, aged 13 - 1802) m.1802, Duquesa de Montoro, 13 Duchess de Alba de Tormes, G.E. (1776), 11 Duchess de Huéscar, Grandee of Spain, (1770), 6 Condesa-Duquesa de Olivares and Duquesa de Sanlúcar-la-Mayor, with Grandee of Spain, 11 Marquesa del Carpio y Condesa de Monterrey, with Grandee of Spain, 14 Condesa de Lerín, 12 Condesa de Galve, etc.

The Duke Academician Fernando, having lost his son Francisco de Paula, would have the satisfaction of managing to see his grand daughter, famous Maria del Pilar Cayetana de Alba or really speaking,Maria del Pilar Cayetana de Silva y de Silva - Bazán, (10 June 1762 - married 1775, aged 13 the 11 Duke of Bivona here mentioned - became a widow in 1798, aged 36 when her husband was 42 - Madrid, 23 July 1802, aged 40).

There was no issue from this socially brilliant marriage between José María and Cayetana .

Young Cayetana, was through herself and through her husband José María, 16 Duchess Consort of Medina Sidonia and 13 Duchess of Alba by her own rights moreover and many other titles, 8 times a Grandee of Spain.

As her father Francisco de Paula de Silva, died before the 12th Duke of Alba, Royal Academician Fernando, her grandfather, she became after November 1776 the 13th Duchess of Alba, being also:

16 Duchesse Consort of Medina Sidonia

Duchesse of Huéscar,

Duchess of Galisteo and

Duchess of Montoro.

She was also by her own inheritances Countess of Olivares,

Countess of Lerín,

Countess of Monterey,

Countess of Osorno,

Countess of Salvatierra,

Countess of Piedrahita,

Countess of Morente,

Countess of Fuente de Valdepero,

Countess of Galve,

Countess of Deleitosa and

Countess of Alcaudete,

Marchioness of Del Carpio,

Marchioness of Coria,

Marchioness of Villanueva del Rio and

Marchioness of Villar de Grajanejos

besides many other lesser titles and great amounts of land properties, castles and palaces, etc.

The 12 Dukedom of Bivona, (1802 - 1821), and 16 Dukedom of Medinasidonia, a set back in the hereditary line

12. With no issue from the male 11 Duke of Bivona and the female 13 Duchess of Alba de Tormes, the Dukedom of Bivona would then go back one generation, sometime after 1802, when Duchess Cayetana died aged 40, 4 years after she has become a vidow of Don Antonio, aged 42, in such a way that:

the 12 Duque de Bivona would be the uncle of José Maria, brother of the 10 Duke Antonio, named Francisco de Borja Álvarez de Toledo y Gonzaga-Caracciolo, (Madrid, 9 June 1763 - married, aged 35, Madrid, 28 January 1798, 18 year old Maria Tomasa de Palafox y Portocarrero - Succesor to the Dukedom of Bivona and connected family titles after 1802 - Madrid 12 February 1821, aged 57 ).

This Maria Tomasa, (Madrid, 8 March 1780 - married aged 18 on 28 January 1798 - a widow in 1821, aged 41 - Portici, Italy, 14 October 1835, aged 55), was a daughter of deceased Lieutenant General Felipe Antonio de Palafox y Croy ,(San Sebastián 3 July 1739 - married before 1780, aged 40 or so - Madrid 24 October 1790) , son of the 6 Marqués de Ariza, and of María Francisca de Sales Portocarrero y López de Zúñiga, 7 Countess of Montijo, 6 Countess of Fuentidueña, 11 Marchioness de la Algaba, 12 Marchioness de Ardales, 13 Countess de Teba, Marchioness de Osera, Grandee of Spain, (Madrid, 10 June 1754 - married before 1780, aged 25 or so - Lograno (¿Logroño?) 15 April 1808).

The 17 Duque de Media Sidonia would be then the eldest male son from this couple, namely:

Pedro de Alcantara Alvarez de Toledo y Palafox, ( Madrid 11 May 1803 - married Madrid 9 October 1822 - Madrid 10 January 1867) . With many other titles.

The splitting of the 17 Medina Sidonia and the 13 Bivona Dukedoms in the "Alvarez de Toledo" family blocks succesions

13. Therefore the 13 Duke of Bivona, 14 Count of Niebla and many family connected titles was, apparently, the young teenager Duke, Pedro de Alcantara younger sibbling :

Francisco Alvarez de Toledo y Palafox, (Madrid, 9 June 1799 - Madrid, 31 January 1816, aged 16 only).

It seems that for some reason, the eldest brother, Pedro de Alcántara, inherited a part of the titles with the XV Century title of Dukedom of Medina Sidonia, while another part went to the unfortunate younger brother Francisco, in spite that the father of this two, died in 1821.

The outcome was then a succession, the 14 Duke of Bivona, and annexed titles, passed to the third male alive in the family Alvarez de Toledo - Palafox:

14. Jose Maria Alvarez de Toledo y Palafox, described as "Giuseppe" by Italian genealogists, Grandee of Spain, (Cádiz, Spain, 1 February 1812 - married in Paris, France, 22 June 1837, aged 25, 20 years old María del Carmen Lucía de Acuña y Dewitte, (Paris 22 June 1817,(¿?) - Naples, Italy, 15 January 1888, aged 71) - Naples, Italy, 7 January 1885, aged 72).

Marrying within the new Spanish military structures and into wealth, the 15 Duke of Bivona, (Paris 1838 - Madrid 1898)

15Then, the 15 Duke of Bivona would be José María Álvarez de Toledo y Acuña, (Paris, France, 6 August 1838 - married in San Sebastian, Spain, on 21 August 1864, aged 26, the 16 year old only lady thereto described as "Jacinta" - Madrid, 31 August 1898, aged 60).

16 year old "Doña Jacinta", the 15 Duchess Consort, was the daughter of a most significant General Governor of the Spanish Island of Cuba, José Gutierrez de la Concha e Irigoyen , (Cordoba, Argentina , 1809 - 1895) and also the uterine sister of another "Doña Jacinta", the wife of one of the more significant "Military and Polician" Generals of XIX Century Spain, Baldomero Espartero, (February 27, 1793 - January 8, 1879) .

Bibliography and Internet related connections

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_dukedoms_in_Spain

out of the some 170 Dukedoms awarded in Spain, only 10% are to be found in Wikipedia in May 2008. Some half a dozen of those reported are "very recent Dukedoms" awarded by General Francisco Franco, or King Juan Carlos I during the second half of the 20 Century. On 16 May 2008, only 8 "very important historical Dukedoms" analyzed in Wikipedia, covered, rather sketchly, really significant names such as Bivona, (Spanish - Italian), Frías, Medina Sidonia, Alba, Gandía, Medinaceli or MedinaCeli, Osuna, Villahermosa.

Missing and absolutely fundamental could be another 33 Dukedoms, (between others), Albuquerque, Alcalá de los Gazules, Arcos, Arjona, Béjar, Benavente, Cardona, Denia, Infantado, Escalona, Feria, Fernán-Núñez or Fernán Núñez, Híjar, Huescar, Jérica, Lerma, Liria, Luna, Maqueda, Montalto, (Spanish - Italian), Pastrana, Peñaranda, Plasencia, Riansares, (although only 19 Century), Rivas, Sanlucar la Mayor, Santistebasn del Puerto, Segorbe, Sessa, (Spanish Italian), Soma, (Spanish - Italian), Sotomayor, Uceda, Valencia de Campos, perhaps Veragua and perhaps Villena.

http://fmg.ac/Projects/CharlesII/5-10/29.htm

This Table 15 from the Foundation of Medieval Genealogy, http://fmg.ac/, provides the genealogical tree for 5 generations (5 is Eleanor, 10 are 16 males and 16 females, (great - great - grand parents)) for the Great Duchess Consort of Tuscany, Leonor Alvarez de Toledo or Eleanor Alvarez de Toledo, (1522 - 1562), here mentioned. The table could be improved easily these days on the information about some of the Spanish persons mentioned, born towards the end of the 14 Century, but it is, nevertheless a fundamental piece of research on "Charles II Stuart", King Charles II of England, Scotland and Ireland, (29 May 1630–6 February 1685).

http://www.grandesp.org.uk/historia/gzas/bivona.htm - 81k

A fairly accurate URL (and very extensive for some of the great families,like this one), useful for serious professional sociological research and historical novels writing provided you have previous knowledge of Who was Who at the time if you spent time pouring over.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight_of_the_Golden_Fleece

This is a quite reliable, but not a definitive list of many hundreds of Knights of the Golden Fleece. Inspecting the lists we can see there are still hundreds of European VIP´s (Very Important Persons) yet to be studied properly either Diplomats, Military Men, Nobility, etc.

Much advances in important biographies can be done through cross referencing:

* http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Spanish_Viceroys_of_Naples

* http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Spanish_Viceroys_of_Sicily

* http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_the_Duchy_of_Milan

* http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_the_Habsburg_Netherlands

* http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Spanish_Viceroys_of_Navarra

* http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viceroy_of_New_Spain

* http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Granada

* http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viceroy

* http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata

* http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_Peru

* http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Spanish_Viceroys_of_Portugal

* http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Spanish_Viceroys_of_Sardinia

* http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Spanish_Viceroys_of_Aragon

* http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Spanish_Viceroys_of_Catalonia

* http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Spanish_Viceroys_of_Valencia

Names at that time from the chronicles are not like today computer documents, because what looks like the same person could be rather family related, or not, or perhaps be really the sought person. Reasonable gaugings on the documents is thus necessary.

For many reasons (political changes within lobbies and pressure groups, personal grievances, changes of affections, money embezzling or others), could make Imperial VIP´s redundant with or without real reasons and so on, making chronicles over zealous or silent on some hot questions.

Therefore considerable gaps in the knowledge on the most elementary workings of a great and powerful administrative organization could or could not be detected.

It might be that scientific and accurate knowledge and monitoring on the extensive data bases to be found through Internet could improve in due time our understanding of the inter - twined European History.